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Nosema (fungus)
''Nosema'' is a genus of microsporidian parasites. The genus, circumscribed by Swiss botanist Carl Nägeli in 1857, contains 81 species. Most parasitise insects and other arthropods, and the best-known ''Nosema'' species parasitise honeybees, where they are considered a significant disease by beekeepers, often causing a colony to fail to thrive in the spring as they come out of their overwintering period. Eight species parasitize digeneans, a group of parasitic flatworms, and thus are hyperparasites, i.e., parasites of a parasite.Toguebaye, B. S., Quilichini, Y., Diagne, P. M. & Marchand, B. 2014: Ultrastructure and development of ''Nosema podocotyloidis'' n. sp. (Microsporidia), a hyperparasite of ''Podocotyloides magnatestis'' (Trematoda), a parasite of ''Parapristipoma octolineatum'' (Teleostei). Parasite, 21, 44. Species *'' Nosema algerae'' parasitising mosquitoes *'' Nosema antheraeae'' parasitising the Chinese oak silkworm ''Antheraea pernyi'' *'' Nosema apis'' para ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lamiaceae
The Lamiaceae ( ) or Labiatae are a family of flowering plants commonly known as the mint, deadnettle or sage family. Many of the plants are aromatic in all parts and include widely used culinary herbs like basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory, marjoram, oregano, hyssop, thyme, lavender, and perilla, as well as other medicinal herbs such as catnip, salvia, bee balm, wild dagga, and oriental motherwort. Some species are shrubs, trees (such as teak), or, rarely, vines. Many members of the family are widely cultivated, not only for their aromatic qualities, but also their ease of cultivation, since they are readily propagated by stem cuttings. Besides those grown for their edible leaves, some are grown for decorative foliage. Others are grown for seed, such as ''Salvia hispanica'' (chia), or for their edible tubers, such as '' Plectranthus edulis'', ''Plectranthus esculentus'', ''Plectranthus rotundifolius'', and ''Stachys affinis'' (Chinese artichoke). Many are also grown or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chrysomelidae
The insects of the beetle family Chrysomelidae are commonly known as leaf beetles, and include over 37,000 (and probably at least 50,000) species in more than 2,500 genera, making up one of the largest and most commonly encountered of all beetle families. Numerous subfamilies are recognized, but the precise taxonomy and systematics are likely to change with ongoing research. Leaf beetles are partially recognizable by their tarsal formula, which appears to be 4-4-4, but is actually 5-5-5 as the fourth tarsal segment is very small and hidden by the third. As with many taxa, no single character defines the Chrysomelidae; instead, the family is delineated by a set of characters. Some lineages are only distinguished with difficulty from longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae), namely by the antennae not arising from frontal tubercles. Adult and larval leaf beetles feed on all sorts of plant tissue, and all species are fully herbivorous. Many are serious pests of cultivated plants, f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Euproctis Chrysorrhoea
The brown-tail moth (''Euproctis chrysorrhoea'') is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is native to Europe, neighboring countries in Asia, and the north coast of Africa. Descriptions of outbreaks, i.e., large population increases of several years duration, have been reported as far back as the 1500s. The life cycle of the moth is atypical, in that it spends approximately nine months (August to April) as larvae (caterpillars), leaving about one month each for pupae, imagos and eggs. Larvae ( caterpillars) are covered in hairs. Two red spots on the back, toward the tail, distinguish these species from other similarly hairy moth larvae. The winged adults have white wings and a hairy white body with a tuft of brown hair at the tip of the abdomen. Females lay one egg cluster, usually on the underside of a leaf of a host plant. The species is polyphagous, meaning that it feeds on many different species of trees, including pear, apple, maple and oak. This species was accidentally intr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Honey Bees
A honey bee (also spelled honeybee) is a eusocial flying insect within the genus ''Apis'' of the bee clade, all native to Afro-Eurasia. After bees spread naturally throughout Africa and Eurasia, humans became responsible for the current cosmopolitan distribution of honey bees, introducing multiple subspecies into South America (early 16th century), North America (early 17th century), and Australia (early 19th century). Honey bees are known for their construction of perennial colonial nests from wax, the large size of their colonies, and surplus production and storage of honey, distinguishing their hives as a prized foraging target of many animals, including honey badgers, bears and human hunter-gatherers. Only eight surviving species of honey bee are recognized, with a total of 43 subspecies, though historically 7 to 11 species are recognized. Honey bees represent only a small fraction of the roughly 20,000 known species of bees. The best known honey bee is the western ho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nosema Ceranae
''Nosema ceranae'' is a microsporidian, a small, unicellular parasite that mainly affects ''Apis cerana'', the Asiatic honey bee. Along with '' Nosema apis'', it causes the disease nosemosis, the most widespread of the diseases of adult honey bees. ''N. ceranae'' can remain dormant as a long-lived spore which is resistant to temperature extremes and dehydration. This fungus has been shown to act in a synergistic fashion with diverse insecticides such as fipronil or neonicotinoids, by increasing the toxicity of pesticides for bees, leading to higher bee mortality. It may thus play an indirect role in colony collapse disorder. In addition, the interaction between fipronil and ''N. ceranae'' induces changes in male physiology leading to sterility. Range ''Nosema ceranae'' was first described in 1996 and was identified as a disease of '' Apis mellifera'' in 2004 in Taiwan. Since its emergence in honeybees, ''N. ceranae ''has been identified in bumblebee species in South America, Ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laspeyresia Molesta
''Grapholita molesta'', the oriental fruit moth or peach moth, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is native to China, but was introduced to Japan and North America and is now also found throughout of Europe, Asia and South America and in Hawaii, Morocco, Mauritius, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand The wingspan is about 13 mm. Adults are gray with brown markings. There are four to seven generations per year. The larvae feed on peach, apple, quince, pear, plum, cherry, apricot and nectarine The peach (''Prunus persica'') is a deciduous tree first domesticated and cultivated in Zhejiang province of Eastern China. It bears edible juicy fruits with various characteristics, most called peaches and others (the glossy-skinned, non-f .... They are pinkish to creamy-white with brown heads and about 13 mm long. Early in the season, larvae tunnel in tender twigs causing twig die-back. Heavy infestations may give the tree a bushy appearance. Later gener ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pébrine
Pébrine, or "pepper disease," is a disease of silkworms, which is caused by protozoan microsporidian parasites, mainly '' Nosema bombycis'' and, to a lesser extent, '' Vairimorpha'', '' Pleistophora'' and '' Thelohania'' species. The parasites infect eggs and are therefore transmitted to the next generation. The silkworm larvae infected by pébrine are usually covered in brown dots and are unable to spin silkworm thread. Antoine Béchamp was the first one to recognize the cause of this disease when a plague of the disease spread across France. ''Nosema bombycis'' is a microsporidium that kills all of the silkworms hatched from infected eggs and comes from the food that silkworms eat. If silkworms acquire this microsporidium in their larval stage, there are no visible signs; however, mother moths will pass the microsporidium onto the eggs, and all of the worms hatching from the infected eggs will die in their larval stage. Therefore, it is extremely important to rule out all egg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
