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Nomina Anatomica
''Nomina Anatomica'' (''NA'') was the international standard on human anatomic terminology from 1895 until it was replaced by ''Terminologia Anatomica'' in 1998. In the late nineteenth century some 30,000 terms for various body parts were in use. The same structures were described by different names, depending (among other things) on the anatomist's school and national tradition. Vernacular translations of Latin and Greek, as well as various eponymous terms, were barriers to effective international communication. There was disagreement and confusion among anatomists regarding anatomical terminology. Editions The first and last entries in the following table are not NA editions, but they are included for the sake of continuity. Although these early editions were authorized by different bodies, they are sometimes considered part of the same series. Before these codes of terminology, approved at anatomists congresses, the usage of anatomical terms was based on authoritative work ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Terminologia Anatomica
''Terminologia Anatomica'' is the international standard for human anatomical terminology. It is developed by the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminology, a program of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA). The second edition was released in 2019 and approved and adopted by the IFAA General Assembly in 2020. ''Terminologia Anatomica'' supersedes the previous standard, ''Nomina Anatomica''. It contains terminology for about 7500 human anatomical structures. Categories of anatomical structures ''Terminologia Anatomica'' is divided into 16 chapters grouped into five parts. The official terms are in Latin. Although equivalent English-language terms are provided, as shown below, only the official Latin terms are used as the basis for creating lists of equivalent terms in other languages. Part I Chapter 1: General anatomy # General terms # Reference planes # Reference lines # Human body positions # Movements # Parts of human body ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tokyo
Tokyo (; ja, 東京, , ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis ( ja, 東京都, label=none, ), is the capital and largest city of Japan. Formerly known as Edo, its metropolitan area () is the most populous in the world, with an estimated 37.468 million residents ; the city proper has a population of 13.99 million people. Located at the head of Tokyo Bay, the prefecture forms part of the Kantō region on the central coast of Honshu, Japan's largest island. Tokyo serves as Japan's economic center and is the seat of both the Japanese government and the Emperor of Japan. Originally a fishing village named Edo, the city became politically prominent in 1603, when it became the seat of the Tokugawa shogunate. By the mid-18th century, Edo was one of the most populous cities in the world with a population of over one million people. Following the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the imperial capital in Kyoto was moved to Edo, which was renamed "Tokyo" (). Tokyo was devastate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Anatomy
The history of anatomy extends from the earliest examinations of sacrifice, sacrificial victims to the sophisticated analyses of the body performed by modern anatomists and scientists. Written descriptions of human organs and parts can be traced back thousands of years to ancient Ancient Egyptian anatomical studies, Egyptian papyri, where attention to the body was necessitated by their highly elaborate Ancient Egyptian funerary practices, burial practices. Theoretical considerations of the structure and function of the human body did not develop until far later, in Ancient Greece. Ancient Greek philosophers, like Alcmaeon of Croton, Alcmaeon and Empedocles, and ancient Greek doctors, like Hippocrates and Hippocratic Corpus, his school, paid attention to the causes of life, disease, and different functions of the body. Aristotle advocated dissection of animals as part of his program for understanding the Four causes, causes of biological Aristotle's theory of universals, forms. Dur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Morphological Terminology
Anatomical terminology is a form of scientific terminology used by anatomists, zoologists, and health professionals such as doctors. Anatomical terminology uses many unique terms, suffixes, and prefixes deriving from Ancient Greek and Latin. These terms can be confusing to those unfamiliar with them, but can be more precise, reducing ambiguity and errors. Also, since these anatomical terms are not used in everyday conversation, their meanings are less likely to change, and less likely to be misinterpreted. To illustrate how inexact day-to-day language can be: a scar "above the wrist" could be located on the forearm two or three inches away from the hand or at the base of the hand; and could be on the palm-side or back-side of the arm. By using precise anatomical terminology such ambiguity is eliminated. An international standard for anatomical terminology, ''Terminologia Anatomica'' has been created. Word formation Anatomical terminology has quite regular morphology: the same ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Terminologia Histologica
The ''Terminologia Histologica'' (''TH'') is the controlled vocabulary for use in cytology and histology. In April 2011, ''Terminologia Histologica'' was published online by the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminologies (FIPAT), the successor of FCAT. It was intended to replace '' Nomina Histologica''. The Nomina Histologica was introduced in 1977, with the fourth edition of Nomina Anatomica. It was developed by the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology. Outline * h1.00: Cytologybr>* h2.00: General histologybr>** H2.00.01.0.00001: Stem cellsbr>** H2.00.02.0.00001: Epithelial tissuebr>*** H2.00.02.0.01001: Epithelial cell *** H2.00.02.0.02001: Surface epithelium *** H2.00.02.0.03001: Glandular epithelium ** H2.00.03.0.00001: Connective and supportive tissue*** H2.00.03.0.01001: Connective tissue cells *** H2.00.03.0.02001: Extracellular matrix *** H2.00.03.0.03001: Fibres of connective tissues *** H2.00.03.1.00001: Connective tissue ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nomina Histologica
Nomen may refer to: *Nomen (Roman name), the middle part of Ancient Roman names * Nomen (Ancient Egypt), the personal name of Ancient Egyptian pharaohs *Jaume Nomen (born 1960), Catalan astronomer *Nomen, Latin for a certain part of speech *Nomen, part of the FRSAD Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data (FRSAD), previously known as Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Records (FRSAR), is a conceptual entity-relationship model developed by the International Federation of Library Associatio ... library model See also *Nō-men, the mask used in Noh performances (see Noh#Masks) * ''Nomina'' (journal), published by the Society for Name Studies in Britain and Ireland {{Disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nomina Embryologica
Nomen may refer to: *Nomen (Roman name), the middle part of Ancient Roman names * Nomen (Ancient Egypt), the personal name of Ancient Egyptian pharaohs *Jaume Nomen (born 1960), Catalan astronomer *Nomen, Latin for a certain part of speech *Nomen, part of the FRSAD Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data (FRSAD), previously known as Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Records (FRSAR), is a conceptual entity-relationship model developed by the International Federation of Library Associatio ... library model See also *Nō-men, the mask used in Noh performances (see Noh#Masks) * ''Nomina'' (journal), published by the Society for Name Studies in Britain and Ireland {{Disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Terminologia Embryologica
The ''Terminologia Embryologica'' (''TE'') is a standardized list of words used in the description of human embryologic and fetal structures. It was produced by the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology on behalf of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists and posted on the Internet since 2010. It has been approved by the General Assembly of the IFAA during the seventeenth International Congress of Anatomy in Cape Town (August 2009). It is analogous to the ''Terminologia Anatomica'' (''TA''), which standardizes terminology for adult human anatomy and which deals primarily with naked-eye adult anatomy. It succeeds the Nomina Embryologica, which was included as a component of the Nomina Anatomica. It was not included in the original version of the ''TA''. Codes * e1.0: General term* e2.0: Ontogenybr>* e3.0: Embryogenybr>* e4.0: General histologybr>* e5.0: Bones; Skeletal systembr>* e5.1: Joints; Articular systembr>* e5.2: Muscles; Muscular ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gray's Anatomy
''Gray's Anatomy'' is a reference book of human anatomy written by Henry Gray, illustrated by Henry Vandyke Carter, and first published in London in 1858. It has gone through multiple revised editions and the current edition, the 42nd (October 2020), remains a standard reference, often considered "the doctors' bible". Earlier editions were called ''Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical'', ''Anatomy of the Human Body'' and ''Gray's Anatomy: Descriptive and Applied'', but the book's name is commonly shortened to, and later editions are titled, ''Gray's Anatomy''. The book is widely regarded as an extremely influential work on the subject. Publication history Origins The English anatomist Henry Gray was born in 1827. He studied the development of the endocrine glands and spleen and in 1853 was appointed Lecturer on Anatomy at St George's Hospital Medical School in London. In 1855, he approached his colleague Henry Vandyke Carter with his idea to produce an inexpensive and ac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federative International Committee On Anatomical Terminology
The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT) is a group of experts who review, analyze, and discuss the terms of the morphological structures of the human body. It was created by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) and was previously known as the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) and the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FICAT). Origins and history This Committee was created in 1989, at the XIII International Congress of Anatomists, held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). It followed the old International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee (IANC). The professionals involved are renowned professors and researchers with knowledge of medical terminology. They hold periodic meetings in different countries on a rotating basis, where they study morphological terminology: anatomical, histological and embryology of the human being. The results of this committee were published in 1998 i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modus Vivendi
''Modus vivendi'' (plural ''modi vivendi'') is a Latin phrase that means "mode of living" or " way of life". It often is used to mean an arrangement or agreement that allows conflicting parties to coexist in peace. In science, it is used to describe lifestyles. ''Modus'' means "mode", "way", "method", or "manner". ''Vivendi'' means "of living". The phrase is often used to describe informal and temporary arrangements in political affairs. For example, if two sides reach a ''modus vivendi'' regarding disputed territories, despite political, historical or cultural incompatibilities, an accommodation of their respective differences is established for the sake of contingency. In diplomacy, a ''modus vivendi'' is an instrument for establishing an international accord of a temporary or provisional nature, intended to be replaced by a more substantial and thorough agreement, such as a treaty. Armistices and instruments of surrender are intended to achieve a ''modus vivendi''. Examples ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Editorial Independence
Editorial independence is the freedom of editors to make decisions without interference from the owners of a publication. Editorial independence is tested, for instance, if a newspaper runs articles that may be unpopular with its advertising clientele or critical of its ownership. See also * Embedded journalism * Freedom of the press, the freedom from interference by governments * Media independence * Media manipulation * Objectivity (journalism) Related controversies * Fox television and Monsanto Company This story is featured at length in the documentaries The Corporation and Outfoxed ''Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism'' is a 2004 documentary film by filmmaker Robert Greenwald about Fox News Channel's and its owner's, Rupert Murdoch, promotion of conservative views. The film says this bias belies the channel's mott .... References Concentration of media ownership Journalism Journalism standards Mass media issues {{journalism-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
