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Nitrobacter
''Nitrobacter'' is a genus comprising rod-shaped, gram-negative, and chemoautotrophic bacteria. The name ''Nitrobacter'' derives from the Latin neuter gender noun ''nitrum, nitri'', alkalis; the Ancient Greek noun βακτηρία'','' βακτηρίᾱς'','' rod. They are non-motile and reproduce via budding or binary fission. ''Nitrobacter'' cells are obligate aerobes and have a doubling time of about 13 hours. ''Nitrobacter'' play an important role in the nitrogen cycle by oxidizing nitrite into nitrate in soil and marine systems. Unlike plants, where electron transfer in photosynthesis provides the energy for carbon fixation, ''Nitrobacter'' uses energy from the oxidation of nitrite ions, NO2−, into nitrate ions, NO3−, to fulfill their energy needs. ''Nitrobacter'' fix carbon dioxide via the Calvin cycle for their carbon requirements. ''Nitrobacter'' belongs to the Alphaproteobacteria class of the Pseudomonadota. Morphology and characteristics ''Nitrobacter'' are gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrobacteraceae
The Nitrobacteraceae are a family of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria. They include plant-associated bacteria such as ''Bradyrhizobium'', a genus of rhizobia associated with some legumes. It also contains animal-associated bacteria such as ''Afipia felis'', formerly thought to cause cat-scratch disease. Others are free-living, such as ''Rhodopseudomonas'', a purple bacterium found in marine water and soils. The strain ''Rhodopseudomonas palustris'' DX-1 can generate an electric current with no hydrogen production, a trait being explored in the development of the microbial fuel cell. The genus ''Afipia'' has also been found in the atmosphere, where it uses methylsulfonylmethane as a carbon source.(page 3 and 5 of 6, quotes slightly edited). The bacteria of this family derive their energy from oxidizing ammonia to nitrite, or by oxidizing nitrite to nitrate. They are commonly found in freshwater and soil. Phylogeny The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryoti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrobacter Hamburgensis
''Nitrobacter hamburgensis'' is a gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Nitrobacter ''Nitrobacter'' is a genus comprising rod-shaped, gram-negative, and chemoautotrophic bacteria. The name ''Nitrobacter'' derives from the Latin neuter gender noun ''nitrum, nitri'', alkalis; the Ancient Greek noun βακτηρία'','' βακτ .... References Further reading * External linksType strain of ''Nitrobacter hamburgensis'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Nitrobacteraceae Bacteria described in 2001 {{Nitrobacteraceae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrobacter Winogradskyi
''Nitrobacter winogradskyi'' is a gram-negative nitrite-oxidizing bacteria from the genus of Nitrobacter ''Nitrobacter'' is a genus comprising rod-shaped, gram-negative, and chemoautotrophic bacteria. The name ''Nitrobacter'' derives from the Latin neuter gender noun ''nitrum, nitri'', alkalis; the Ancient Greek noun βακτηρία'','' βακτ .... References External linksType strain of ''Nitrobacter winogradskyi'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Nitrobacteraceae Bacteria described in 1917 {{Nitrobacteraceae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrobacter Vulgaris
''Nitrobacter vulgaris'' is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative, and a chemoautotrophic bacterium. It plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among atmospheric, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biologi ... by oxidizing nitrite into nitrate in soil. It cannot tolerate highly alkaline (NH4+) conditions. NO2- + 1/2O2 -> NO3- Genomics Nitrobacter Genome Projects(froGenomes OnLine DatabaseComparative Analysis of Nitrobacter Genomes(at DOE's IMG system) References External linksType strain of ''Nitrobacter vulgaris'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Nitrobacteraceae Bacteria described in 2001 {{Nitrobacteraceae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrobacter Alkalicus
''Nitrobacter alkalicus'' is a nitrite-oxidizing bacteria from the genus of Nitrobacter ''Nitrobacter'' is a genus comprising rod-shaped, gram-negative, and chemoautotrophic bacteria. The name ''Nitrobacter'' derives from the Latin neuter gender noun ''nitrum, nitri'', alkalis; the Ancient Greek noun βακτηρία'','' βακτ .... References Nitrobacteraceae Bacteria described in 1999 {{Nitrobacteraceae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyphomicrobiales
The ''Hyphomicrobiales'' are an order of Gram-negative Alphaproteobacteria. The rhizobia, which fix nitrogen and are symbiotic with plant roots, appear in several different families. The four families ''Nitrobacteraceae'', ''Hyphomicrobiaceae'', '' Phyllobacteriaceae'', and ''Rhizobiaceae'' contain at least several genera of nitrogen-fixing, legume-nodulating, microsymbiotic bacteria. Examples are the genera ''Bradyrhizobium'' and ''Rhizobium''. Species of the ''Methylocystaceae'' are methanotrophs; they use methanol (CH3OH) or methane (CH4) as their sole energy and carbon sources. Other important genera are the human pathogens ''Bartonella'' and ''Brucella'', as well as ''Agrobacterium'' (useful in genetic engineering). Taxonomy Accepted families * ''Aestuariivirgaceae'' Li ''et al''. 2019 * '' Afifellaceae'' Hördt ''et al''. 2020 * '' Ahrensiaceae'' Hördt ''et al''. 2020 * ''Alsobacteraceae'' Sun ''et al''. 2018 * ''Amorphaceae'' Hördt ''et al''. 2020 * ''Ancalomicrobia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrogen Cycle
The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among atmospheric, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. The majority of Earth's atmosphere (78%) is atmospheric nitrogen, making it the largest source of nitrogen. However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems. The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes, including primary production and decomposition. Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers, and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrite
The nitrite polyatomic ion, ion has the chemical formula . Nitrite (mostly sodium nitrite) is widely used throughout chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The nitrite anion is a pervasive intermediate in the nitrogen cycle in nature. The name nitrite also refers to organic compounds having the –ONO group, which are esters of nitrous acid. Production Sodium nitrite is made industrially by passing a mixture of nitrogen oxides into aqueous sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate solution: : The product is purified by recrystallization. Alkali metal nitrites are thermally stable up to and beyond their melting point (441 °C for KNO2). Ammonium nitrite can be made from dinitrogen trioxide, N2O3, which is formally the anhydride of nitrous acid: :2 NH3 + H2O + N2O3 → 2 NH4NO2 Structure The nitrite ion has a symmetrical structure (C2v molecular point group, symmetry), with both N–O bonds having equal length and a bond angle of about 115°. In valence bond theory, it is des ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteria
Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria are vital in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationsh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plant
Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all current definitions of Plantae exclude the fungi and some algae, as well as the prokaryotes (the archaea and bacteria). By one definition, plants form the clade Viridiplantae (Latin name for "green plants") which is sister of the Glaucophyta, and consists of the green algae and Embryophyta (land plants). The latter includes the flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms, ferns and their allies, hornworts, liverworts, and mosses. Most plants are multicellular organisms. Green plants obtain most of their energy from sunlight via photosynthesis by primary chloroplasts that are derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria. Their chloroplasts contain chlorophylls a and b, which gives them their green color. Some plants are parasitic or mycotrophic and have lost the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrate
Nitrate is a polyatomic ion A polyatomic ion, also known as a molecular ion, is a covalent bonded set of two or more atoms, or of a metal complex, that can be considered to behave as a single unit and that has a net charge that is not zero. The term molecule may or may no ... with the chemical formula . salt (chemistry), Salts containing this ion are called nitrates. Nitrates are common components of fertilizers and explosives. Almost all inorganic nitrates are solubility, soluble in water. An example of an insoluble nitrate is bismuth oxynitrate. Structure The ion is the conjugate acid, conjugate base of nitric acid, consisting of one central nitrogen atom surrounded by three identically bonded oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement. The nitrate ion carries a formal charge of −1. This charge results from a combination formal charge in which each of the three oxygens carries a − charge, whereas the nitrogen carries a +1 charge, all these adding up to formal c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calvin Cycle
The Calvin cycle, light-independent reactions, bio synthetic phase, dark reactions, or photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) cycle of photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose. The Calvin cycle is present in all photosynthetic eukaryotes and also many photosynthetic bacteria. In plants, these reactions occur in the stroma, the fluid-filled region of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes. These reactions take the products ( ATP and NADPH) of light-dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them. The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and reducing power of NADPH from the light dependent reactions to produce sugars for the plant to use. These substrates are used in a series of reduction-oxidation reactions to produce sugars in a step-wise process; there is no direct reaction that converts several molecules of to a sugar. There are three phases to the light-independ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
