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Nicopolis Ad Istrum
Nicopolis ad Istrum () or Nicopolis ad Iatrum was a Roman and Early Byzantine town. Its ruins are located at the village of Nikyup, 20 km north of Veliko Tarnovo in northern Bulgaria. The town reached its zenith during the reigns of Hadrian, the Antonines and the Severan dynasty. Archaeological excavations are continuing to reveal more of the city. The site was placed on the Tentative List for consideration as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1984. History The site was at the junction of the Iatrus (Yantra) and the Rositsa rivers, where the Roman army under Emperor Trajan had been amassed in readiness for the attack in the winter of 101–2 to the Roxolani tribe from north of the Danube and who were allied to the Dacians. The city was founded by Trajan around 102–106, as indicated on Trajan’s Column, in memory of his victory in the Dacian Wars over the Roxolani and also later victories in 105. It was named ''Ulpia Nicopolis'' in his honour using his fami ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trajan
Trajan ( ; born Marcus Ulpius Traianus, 18 September 53) was a Roman emperor from AD 98 to 117, remembered as the second of the Five Good Emperors of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty. He was a philanthropic ruler and a successful soldier-emperor who presided over one of the greatest military expansions in Roman history, during which, by the time of his death, the Roman Empire reached its maximum territorial extent. He was given the title of ('the best') by the Roman Senate. Trajan was born in the of Italica in the present-day Andalusian province of province of Seville, Seville in southern Spain, an Italic peoples, Italic settlement in Hispania Baetica; his came from the town of Todi, Tuder in the Regio VI Umbria, Umbria region of central Italy. His namesake father, Marcus Ulpius Traianus (father of Trajan), Marcus Ulpius Traianus, was a general and distinguished senator. Trajan rose to prominence during the reign of Domitian; in AD 89, serving as a in , he supported t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rositsa (river)
The Rositsa ( ) is river in northern Bulgaria, a left tributary of the river Yantra (river), Yantra, itself a right tributary of the Danube. With a length of 164 km, it is the largest tributary of the Yantra and the 13th longest river in the country. Its ancient name was ''Lyginus''. Geography The Rositsa takes its source at an altitude of about 1,300 m some 300 m north of the Mazalat refuge in the Kaloferska Planina division of the Balkan Mountains. It flows northwards in a deep forested valley until the village of Batoshevo. Downstream the valley widens and after the village of Gorna Rositsa enters the Sevlievo Valley, where it runs through the Sevlievo, homonymous town. It then crosses the Sevlievo Heights in a deep gorge between the villages of Kormyansko and Gorsko Kosovo, which has been submerged under the Aleksandar Stamboliyski Reservoir. After its outflow from the dam, the Rositsa heads northeast, and — downstream from the town of Byala Cherkva & ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caracalla
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Lucius Septimius Bassianus, 4 April 188 – 8 April 217), better known by his nickname Caracalla (; ), was Roman emperor from 198 to 217 AD, first serving as nominal co-emperor under his father and then ruling alone after 211 AD. He was a member of the Severan dynasty, the elder son of Emperor Septimius Severus and Empress Julia Domna. Severus proclaimed Caracalla co-ruler in 198, doing the same with his other son Geta (emperor), Geta in 209. The two brothers briefly shared power after their father's death in 211, but Caracalla soon had Geta murdered by the Praetorian Guard and became sole ruler of the Roman Empire. Julia Domna had a significant share in governance, since Caracalla found administration to be mundane. His reign featured domestic instability and external invasions by the Germanic peoples. Caracalla issued the Antonine Constitution (), also known as the Edict of Caracalla, which granted Roman citizenship to all Peregrinus (Ro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (V&R) is a scholarly publishing house based in Göttingen, Germany. It was founded in 1735 by (1700–1750) in connection with the establishment of the Georg-August-Universität in the same city. After Abraham Vandenhoeck's death in 1750, his English-born widow, Anna Vandenhoeck, née Parry (d. 1787) successfully continued the business together with Carl Friedrich Günther Ruprecht (born 1730), who had entered the business as an eighteen-year-old apprentice in 1748. At the death of Anna Vandenhoeck in 1787, Ruprecht took over the business which he led until his death in 1816, when he was succeeded by his 25-year-old son Carl August Adolf Ruprecht (1791-1861). The management of the company remained in the hands of the Ruprecht family for seven generations. The traditional core areas of the publications of V&R are Theology and Religion, History, Ancient History, Philosophy and Philology. Current production also includes schoolbooks and non-academic pu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neokoros
(), plural (), was a sacral office in Ancient Greece associated with the custody of a temple. Under the Roman Empire, the neocorate became a distinction awarded to cities that had built temples to the emperors or had established cults of members of the Imperial family. Etymology The term () probably derived from 'temple' + 'to sweep', thus literally a temple-sweeper. A number of variants are attested: , , , , , or . The term meant the custodian of a temple, analogous to a sacristan. Similar terms used instead of were (), (), and (). Temple office In Classical Greece, the belonged to the priestly class, but usually had a low status commensurate with their duties: in most known cases, they assumed auxiliary functions, although in some places, like Oropos or Kos, they could substitute for the actual temple priest, and on the sacred island of Delos the neocorate appears to have been a magistracy. Women could also be holders of a neocorate. The duration of the neocorate var ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parthian Empire
The Parthian Empire (), also known as the Arsacid Empire (), was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD. Its latter name comes from its founder, Arsaces I, who led the Parni tribe in conquering the region of Parthia in Iran's northeast, then a satrapy (province) under Andragoras, who was rebelling against the Seleucid Empire. Mithridates I ( BC) greatly expanded the empire by seizing Media and Mesopotamia from the Seleucids. At its height, the Parthian Empire stretched from the northern reaches of the Euphrates, in what is now central-eastern Turkey, to present-day Afghanistan and western Pakistan. The empire, located on the Silk Road trade route between the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean Basin and the Han dynasty of China, became a center of trade and commerce. The Parthians largely adopted the art, architecture, religious beliefs, and regalia of their culturally heterogeneous empire, which encompassed Pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Septimius Severus
Lucius Septimius Severus (; ; 11 April 145 – 4 February 211) was Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He was born in Leptis Magna (present-day Al-Khums, Libya) in the Roman province of Africa. As a young man he advanced through cursus honorum, the customary succession of offices under the reigns of Marcus Aurelius and Commodus. Severus was the final contender to seize power after the death of the emperor Pertinax in 193 during the Year of the Five Emperors. After deposing and killing the incumbent emperor Didius Julianus, Severus fought his rival claimants, the Roman generals Pescennius Niger and Clodius Albinus. Niger was defeated in 194 at the Battle of Issus (194), Battle of Issus in Cilicia (Roman province), Cilicia. Later that year Severus waged a short punitive campaign beyond the eastern frontier, annexing the Osroene, Kingdom of Osroene as a new province. Severus defeated Albinus three years later at the Battle of Lugdunum in Roman Gaul, Gaul. Following the consolidation of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Costoboci
The Costoboci (; , or Κιστοβῶκοι) were a Dacian tribe located, during the Roman imperial era, between the Carpathian Mountains and the river Dniester river, Dniester. During the Marcomannic Wars the Costoboci invaded the Roman Empire in AD 170 or 171, pillaging its Balkan provinces as far as Central Greece (geographic region), Central Greece, until they were driven out by the Romans. Shortly afterwards, the Costoboci's territory was invaded and occupied by Vandal Hasdingi and the Costoboci disappeared from surviving historical sources, except for a mention by the late Roman Ammianus Marcellinus, writing around AD 400. Name etymology The name of the tribe is attested in a variety of spellings in and in . According to Ion I. Russu, this is a Thracian Compound (linguistics), compound name meaning "the shining ones". The first element is the Participle#Perfect passive, perfect passive participle ''Cos-to-'', derived from the Proto-Indo-European root ''kʷek̂-'', ''kʷ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antoninus Pius
Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius (; ; 19 September 86 – 7 March 161) was Roman emperor from AD 138 to 161. He was the fourth of the Five Good Emperors from the Nerva–Antonine dynasty. Born into a senatorial family, Antoninus held various offices during the reign of Emperor Hadrian. He married Hadrian's niece Faustina the Elder, Faustina, and Hadrian adopted him as his son and successor shortly before his death. Antoninus acquired the cognomen Pius after his accession to the throne, either because he compelled the Roman Senate, Senate to Roman imperial cult, deify his adoptive father, or because he had saved senators sentenced to death by Hadrian in his later years. His reign is notable for the peaceful state of the Empire, with no major revolts or military incursions during this time. A successful military campaign in Geography of Scotland, southern Scotland early in his reign resulted in the construction of the Antonine Wall. Antoninus was an effective administrator, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geography (Ptolemy)
The ''Geography'' (, , "Geographical Guidance"), also known by its Latin names as the ' and the ', is a gazetteer, an atlas (book), atlas, and a treatise on cartography, compiling the geographical knowledge of the 2nd-century Roman Empire. Originally written by Claudius Ptolemy in Ancient Greek, Greek at Alexandria around 150 AD, the work was a revision of a now-lost atlas by Marinus of Tyre using additional Roman and Parthian Empire, Persian gazetteers and new principles. Its translation – Al-Khwarizmi#Geography, Kitab Surat al-Ard – into Classical Arabic, Arabic by Al-Khwarizmi, Al-Khwarismi in the 9th century was highly influential on the geographical knowledge and cartographic traditions of the Geography and cartography in medieval Islam, Islamic world. Alongside the works of Islamic scholars – and the commentary containing revised and more accurate data by Alfraganus – Ptolemy's work was subsequently highly influential on Middle Ages, Medieval and Renaissanc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Naming Conventions
Over the course of some fourteen centuries, the Ancient Rome, Romans and other peoples of Italy employed a system of nomenclature that differed from that used by other cultures of Europe and the Mediterranean Sea, consisting of a combination of given name, personal and surname, family names. Although conventionally referred to as the , the combination of praenomen, Nomen (Roman name), nomen, and cognomen that have come to be regarded as the basic elements of the Roman name in fact represent a continuous process of development, from at least the seventh century BC to the end of the seventh century AD. The names that developed as part of this system became a defining characteristic of Roman civilization, and although the system itself vanished during the Early Middle Ages, the names themselves exerted a profound influence on the development of European naming practices, and many continue to survive in modern languages. Overview The distinguishing feature of Roman nomenclature was t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trajan's Dacian Wars
Trajan's Dacian Wars (101–102, 105–106) were two military campaigns fought between the Roman Empire and Dacia during Roman Emperor, Emperor Trajan's rule. The conflicts were triggered by the constant Dacian threat on the Danube, Danubian Roman Province, province of Moesia and also by the increasing need for resources of the economy of the Empire. Background Throughout the 1st century, Roman policy dictated that threats from neighbouring nations and provinces were to be contained promptly. Dacia had been on the Roman agenda since before the days of Caesar when the Dacians defeated a Roman army at the Battle of Histria. Domitian's Dacian War had re-established peace with Dacia in 89 AD. However, the Dacian king Decebalus used the Roman annual subsidy of 8 million sestercesJones (1992), p150. and craftsmen in trades devoted to both peace and war, and war machines intended to defend the empire's borders to fortify his own defences instead. Despite some co-operation on the dip ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
