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National Arabic Alphabets
Many scripts in Unicode, such as Arabic, have special orthographic rules that require certain combinations of letterforms to be combined into special ligature forms. In English, the common ampersand (&) developed from a ligature in which the handwritten Latin letters ''e'' and ''t'' (spelling ''et'', Latin for ''and'') were combined. The rules governing ligature formation in Arabic can be quite complex, requiring special script-shaping technologies such as the Arabic Calligraphic Engine by DecoType. As of Unicode 15.0, the Arabic script is contained in the following blocks: *Arabic (0600–06FF, 256 characters) *Arabic Supplement (0750–077F, 48 characters) *Arabic Extended-B (0870–089F, 41 characters) *Arabic Extended-A (08A0–08FF, 96 characters) *Arabic Presentation Forms-A (FB50–FDFF, 631 characters) *Arabic Presentation Forms-B (FE70–FEFF, 141 characters) *Rumi Numeral Symbols (10E60–10E7F, 31 characters) * Arabic Extended-C (10EC0-10EFF, 3 characters) *Indic Siyaq ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orthographic Rules
Morphological parsing, in natural language processing, is the process of determining the morphemes from which a given word is constructed. It must be able to distinguish between orthographic rules and morphological rules. For example, the word 'foxes' can be decomposed into 'fox' (the stem), and 'es' (a suffix indicating plurality). The generally accepted approach to morphological parsing is through the use of a finite state transducer (FST), which inputs words and outputs their stem and modifiers. The FST is initially created through algorithmic parsing of some word source, such as a dictionary, complete with modifier markups. Another approach is through the use of an indexed lookup method, which uses a constructed radix tree. This is not an often-taken route because it breaks down for morphologically complex languages. With the advancement of neural networks in natural language processing, it became less common to use FST for morphological analysis, especially for languages for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols
Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols is a Unicode block A Unicode block is one of several contiguous ranges of numeric character codes (code points) of the Unicode character set that are defined by the Unicode Consortium for administrative and documentation purposes. Typically, proposals such as the ad ... encoding characters used in Arabic mathematical expressions. Block History The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols block: References {{reflist Unicode blocks ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dāl
Dalet (, also spelled Daleth or Daled) is the fourth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Dālet 𐤃, Hebrew Dālet , Aramaic Dālath , Syriac Dālaṯ , and Arabic (in abjadi order; 8th in modern order). Its sound value is the voiced alveolar plosive (). The letter is based on a glyph of the Proto-Sinaitic script, probably called ''dalt'' "door" (''door'' in Modern Hebrew is delet), ultimately based on a hieroglyph depicting a door: O31 Phoenician The Phoenician dālet gave rise to the Greek delta (Δ), Latin D, and the Cyrillic letter Д. Aramaic Hebrew Hebrew spelling: The letter is ''dalet'' in the modern Israeli Hebrew pronunciation (see Tav (letter). ''Dales'' is still used by many Ashkenazi Jews and ''daleth'' by some Jews of Middle-Eastern background, especially in the Jewish diaspora. In some academic circles, it is called ''daleth'', following the Tiberian Hebrew pronunciation. It is also called ''daled''. The ד like the English D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ḫāʾ
or or Xe (, transliterated as ( DIN-31635), (Hans Wehr), (ALA-LC) or (ISO 233)), is one of the six letters the Arabic alphabet added to the twenty-two inherited from the Phoenician alphabet (the others being , , , , ). It is based on the ' . It represents the sound or in Modern Standard Arabic. The pronunciation of is very similar to German, Irish, and Polish unpalatalised " ch", Russian х (Cyrillic Kha), and Peninsular Spanish " j". In name and shape, it is a variant of . South Semitic also kept the phoneme separate, and it appears as South Arabian , Ge'ez ኀ. Its numerical value is 600 (see Abjad numerals). When representing this sound in transliteration of Arabic into Hebrew, it is written as ח׳. The most common transliteration in English is "kh", e.g. Khartoum ( ''al-Kharṭūm''), Sheikh (). ' is written is several ways depending in its position in the word: Character encodings See also * Arabic phonology * Х, х: Kha (Cyrillic) Arabic le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ḥāʾ
Heth, sometimes written Chet, but more accurately Ḥet, is the eighth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Ḥēt 𐤇 , Hebrew Ḥēth , Aramaic Ḥēth , Syriac Ḥēṯ ܚ, Arabic Ḥā' , and Maltese Ħ, ħ. Heth originally represented a voiceless fricative, either pharyngeal , or velar . In Arabic, two corresponding letters were created for both phonemic sounds: unmodified ' represents , while ' represents . The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek eta , Etruscan , Latin H, and Cyrillic И. While H is a consonant in the Latin alphabet, the Greek and Cyrillic equivalents represent vowel sounds, though the letter was originally a consonant in Greek and this usage later evolved into the rough breathing character. Origins The shape of the letter Ḥet ultimately goes back either to the Egyptian hieroglyph for 'courtyard': O6 (compare Hebrew חָצֵר ḥatser of identical meaning, which begins with Ḥet) or to the one for 'thread, wick' represent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ǧīm
Gimel is the third letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Gīml , Hebrew Gimel , Aramaic Gāmal , Syriac Gāmal , and Arabic (in alphabetical order; fifth in spelling order). Its sound value in the original Phoenician and in all derived alphabets, except Arabic, is a voiced velar plosive ; in Modern Standard Arabic, it represents either a or for most Arabic speakers except in Northern Egypt, the southern parts of Yemen and some parts of Oman where it is pronounced as the voiced velar plosive ( see below). In its Proto-Canaanite form, the letter may have been named after a weapon that was either a staff sling or a throwing stick (spear thrower), ultimately deriving from a Proto-Sinaitic glyph based on the hieroglyph below: T14 The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek gamma (Γ), the Latin C, G, Ɣ and yogh , and the Cyrillic Г and Ґ. Hebrew gimel Variations Hebrew spelling: Bertrand Russell posits that the letter's form is a conventionaliz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ṯāʾ
() is one of the six letters the Arabic alphabet added to the twenty-two from the Phoenician alphabet (the others being , , , , ). In Modern Standard Arabic it represents the voiceless dental fricative , also found in English as the " th" in words such as "thank" and "thin". In Persian, Urdu Urdu (;"Urdu" '' [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tāʾ
Taw, tav, or taf is the twenty-second and last letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Tāw , Hebrew Tav , Aramaic Taw , Syriac Taw ܬ, and Arabic ت Tāʼ (22nd in abjadi order, 3rd in modern order). In Arabic, it is also gives rise to the derived letter Ṯāʼ. Its original sound value is . The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek ''tau'' (Τ), Latin T, and Cyrillic Т. Origins of taw Taw is believed to be derived from the Egyptian hieroglyph representing a tally mark (viz. a decussate cross) Z9 Arabic tāʼ The letter is named '. It is written in several ways depending on its position in the word: Final ('' fatha'', then with a sukun on it, pronounced , though diacritics are normally omitted) is used to mark feminine gender for third-person perfective/past tense verbs, while final (, ) is used to mark past-tense second-person singular masculine verbs, final (, ) to mark past-tense second-person singular feminine verbs, and final (, ) to m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bāʾ
Bet, Beth, Beh, or Vet is the second letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Bēt , Hebrew Bēt , Aramaic Bēth , Syriac Bēṯ , and Arabic . Its sound value is the voiced bilabial stop ⟨b⟩ or the voiced labiodental fricative ⟨v⟩. The letter's name means "house" in various Semitic languages (Arabic '' bayt'', Akkadian '' bītu, bētu'', Hebrew: '' bayiṯ'', Phoenician '' bt'' etc.; ultimately all from Proto-Semitic '' *bayt-''), and appears to derive from an Egyptian hieroglyph of a house by acrophony. O1 The Phoenician letter gave rise to, among others, the Greek beta ( Β, β), Latin B (B, b) and Cyrillic Be ( Б, б) and Ve ( В, в). Origin The name ''bet'' is derived from the West Semitic word for " house" (as in Hebrew ''bayt'' בַּיִת), and the shape of the letter derives from a Proto-Sinaitic glyph that may have been based on the Egyptian hieroglyph '' Pr'' O1 which depicts a house. Arabic The Arabic letter is named ' (). I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ʾalif
Aleph (or alef or alif, transliterated ʾ) is the first letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician , Hebrew , Aramaic , Syriac , Arabic ʾ and North Arabian 𐪑. It also appears as South Arabian 𐩱 and Ge'ez . These letters are believed to have derived from an Egyptian hieroglyph depicting an ox's head to describe the initial sound of ''*ʾalp'', the West Semitic word for ox (compare Biblical Hebrew ''ʾelef'', "ox"). The Phoenician variant gave rise to the Greek alpha (), being re-interpreted to express not the glottal consonant but the accompanying vowel, and hence the Latin A and Cyrillic А. Phonetically, ''aleph'' originally represented the onset of a vowel at the glottis. In Semitic languages, this functions as a prosthetic weak consonant, allowing roots with only two true consonants to be conjugated in the manner of a standard three consonant Semitic root. In most Hebrew dialects as well as Syriac, the ''aleph'' is an absence of a true cons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modern Standard Arabic
Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or Modern Written Arabic (MWA), terms used mostly by linguists, is the variety of Standard language, standardized, Literary language, literary Arabic that developed in the Arab world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; occasionally, it also refers to spoken Arabic that approximates this written standard. MSA is the language used in literature, academia, print media, print and mass media, law and legislation, though it is generally not spoken as a first language, similar to Contemporary Latin. It is a Pluricentric language, pluricentric standard language taught throughout the Arab world in formal education, differing significantly from many vernacular varieties of Arabic that are commonly spoken as mother tongues in the area; these are only partially mutually intelligible with both MSA and with each other depending on their proximity in the Dialect continuum#Arabic, Arabic dialect continuum. Many linguists consider MSA to be distinct from Clas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Turkish Language
Ottoman Turkish ( ota, لِسانِ عُثمانى, Lisân-ı Osmânî, ; tr, Osmanlı Türkçesi) was the standardized register of the Turkish language used by the citizens of the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extensively, in all aspects, from Arabic and Persian, and its speakers used the Ottoman Turkish alphabet for written communication. During the peak of Ottoman power (), words of foreign origin in Turkish literature in the Ottoman Empire heavily outnumbered native Turkish words, with Arabic and Persian vocabulary accounting for up to 88% of the Ottoman vocabulary in some texts.''Persian Historiography & Geography''Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd p 69 Consequently, Ottoman Turkish was largely unintelligible to the less-educated lower-class and to rural Turks, who continued to use ("raw/vulgar Turkish"; compare Vulgar Latin and Demotic Greek), which used far fewer foreign loanwords and is the basis of the modern standard. The Tanzimât era (1839–187 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
