|
Mapuche Polygamy
Among the indigenous Mapuche people of Chile, there is those that practise traditional polygamy. In modern Chile polygamy has no legal recognition. This puts women whose marriages to their husbands are not legally recognized at a disadvantage to the legal wife who is in terms of securing inheritance. Polygamy is much less common today, particularly in comparison with the time preceding the Occupation of Araucanía (1861–1883), when the traditional Mapuche homeland was finally brought under control of the Chilean government. It survives as a chiefly rural practice, but has also been reported in the low-income peripheral communities of Santiago.Millaleo 2018, p. 78Millaleo 2018, p. 133 Wives who share the same husband are often relatives, such as sisters, who live in the same community. According to folklore, polyandry among the Mapuche is reputed to exist at least historically,Millaleo 2018, p. 296 in which case the husbands may have been brothers,Millaleo 2018, p. 298 but no docume ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luis De Valdivia
Luis de Valdivia (; 1560 – November 5, 1642) was a Spanish Jesuit missionary who defended the rights of the natives of Chile and pleaded for the reduction of the hostilities with the Mapuches in the Arauco War. Following the 1598 revolt of the Mapuche in Araucanía and their destruction of seven Spanish cities, Luis de Valdivia, successfully advocated the establishment of a border, and the replacement of military campaigns by missionary work that, from their point of view, would attempt the religious conquest of the rebellious Mapuche. His campaigns, called the Defensive War, aroused the initial support of the Spanish monarchy, but over the years it was considered a failure and left Valdivia in disrepute. Works Valdivia wrote a grammar, vocabulary and religious texts of the Huarpean languages Huarpe (''Warpe'') was a small language family of central Argentina (historic Cuyo Province) that consisted of two closely related languages. They are traditionally considered dialects, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parliament Of Quillín (1641)
file:Parlamento_de_Quilin_1641_-_Alonso_de_Ovalle.JPG, 230px, Illustration of the parliament in Alonso de Ovalle's book ''Histórica Relación del Reyno de Chile''. The Parliament of Quillín (Killen) was a diplomatic meeting held in 1641 between various Mapuche groups and Spanish Empire, Spanish authorities held in the fields of Quillín. With the ensuing treaty the Spanish sought an end to the hostilities of the Arauco War in order to concentrate the empire's resources in Reaper's War, fighting the Catalans in Europe. This way the Mapuche obtained a peace treaty and a recognition on behalf of the crown in a case unique for any indigenous group in the Americas. Another contributing factor for parties to wanting to end warfare may have been the 1640 eruption of Llaima volcano in the middle of the conflict zone. Possibly Mapuches interpreted the eruption as a signal sent from the pillanes. The parliament served as starting point for the return of many Spanish women held captive by th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Criollo People
In Hispanic America, criollo () is a term used originally to describe people of Spanish descent born in the colonies. In different Latin American countries the word has come to have different meanings, sometimes referring to the local-born majority. Historically, they have been misportrayed as a social class in the hierarchy of the overseas colonies established by Spain beginning in the 16th century, especially in Hispanic America. They were locally-born people–almost always of Spanish ancestry, but also sometimes of other European ethnic backgrounds. Criollos supposedly sought their own identity through the indigenous past, of their own symbols, and the exaltation of everything related to the American one. Their identity was strengthened as a result of the Bourbon reforms of 1700, which changed the Spanish Empire's policies toward its colonies and led to tensions between ''criollos'' and ''peninsulares''. The growth of local ''criollo'' political and economic strength in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Destruction Of The Seven Cities
The Destruction of the Seven Cities ( es, Destrucción de las siete ciudades) is a term used in Chilean historiography to refer to the destruction or abandonment of seven major Spanish outposts in southern Chile around 1600, caused by the Mapuche and Huilliche uprising of 1598. The Destruction of the Seven Cities, in traditional historiography, marks the end of the Conquest period and the beginning of the proper colonial period. The Destruction of the Seven Cities had a long-lasting impact on the history of the Mapuche and the history of Chile, determining the shape of future Colonial Spanish–Mapuche relations, e.g. by causing the development of a Spanish–Mapuche frontier. Course of events Decades prior to these events, some conquistadors and settlers recognised the fragility of Spanish rule in southern Chile. In 1576, Melchior Calderón wrote to the King of Spain arguing for diminishing the number of cities in southern Chile by merging them, he proposed to merge Concepc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alonso González De Nájera
Alonso González de Nájera (died 1614) was a Spanish soldier and an advocate of reforms in the conduct of the War of Arauco. He served in the war following the Disaster of Curalaba and the great Mapuche uprising that followed in Chile that resulted in the loss of all the Spanish settlements south of the Bio Bio River. He was sent back to the royal court in Spain to argue for a reform to the way the war against the Mapuche was fought. Nájera's arguments for his reforms were incorporated in his book of ''Desengaño y reparo de la Guerra del Reino de Chile'' (Disappointment and Reparation of the War of the Kingdom of Chile). Biography There is no information on his life before 1600. It is only known that he served in the Spanish army in Flanders and then in France. On November 13, 1600, he left Lisbon for Chile with the rank of captain under the command of Francisco Martinez de Leiva. He arrived in Mendoza in May 1601, afterward moving to the south of Chile, where he remained u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Martyrs Of Elicura
A martyr (, ''mártys'', "witness", or , ''marturia'', stem , ''martyr-'') is someone who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, or refusing to renounce or advocate, a religious belief or other cause as demanded by an external party. In the martyrdom narrative of the remembering community, this refusal to comply with the presented demands results in the punishment or execution of an actor by an alleged oppressor. Accordingly, the status of the 'martyr' can be considered a posthumous title as a reward for those who are considered worthy of the concept of martyrdom by the living, regardless of any attempts by the deceased to control how they will be remembered in advance. Insofar, the martyr is a relational figure of a society's boundary work that is produced by collective memory. Originally applied only to those who suffered for their religious beliefs, the term has come to be used in connection with people killed for a political cause. Most martyrs are consider ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
José Bengoa
José Bengoa Cabello (19 January 1945) is a Chilean historian and anthropologist. He is known in Chile for his study of Mapuche history and society. After the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, José Bengoa was dismissed from his work at the University of Chile by the Pinochet regime. He was the principal advocate for the first Social Forum of the ACLU The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is a nonprofit organization founded in 1920 "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States". T ... International Human Rights Task Force, during the SubCommission's fifty-fourth session in August 2002. Bengoa had been living in Cajón del Maipo for some time. For medical reasons and concerns, he sometimes returns to his home in Ñuñoa. The anthropologist had been diagnosed with bone cancer and had a bone marrow transplant in 2017. Career Bengoa has had a successful career with ranging ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jorge Pinto Rodríguez
Jorge Manuel Pinto Rodríguez, ( La Serena 18 December 1944) is a Chilean historian. He is known in Chile for his study of the history of Araucanía, social history and demography. In 2012 he gained the Chilean National History Award The Chilean National History Award (Spanish: ''Premio Nacional de Historia''), part of the National Prize of Chile, is an award given for contributions to the historiography of Chilean history. It was first awarded in 1974, is given every two years .... References 20th-century Chilean historians 20th-century Chilean male writers 21st-century Chilean historians 21st-century Chilean male writers 1944 births Living people University of Chile alumni Academic staff of the University of Chile People from La Serena {{Chile-writer-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anganamón
Anganamón, also known as ''Ancanamon'' or ''Ancanamun'',Vicente Carvallo y Goyeneche ''Descripcion histórico-jeográfica del Reino de Chile, TOMO I''; ''Coleccion de historiadores de Chile, Tomo VIII'', IMPRENTA DE LA LIBRERÍA DEL MERCURIO de A. y M. Echeverria, Morando Núm. 38., Santiago,1878 Tomo I was a prominent war leader of the Mapuche during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries and a Toqui from (1612 - 1613). Anganamón was known for his tactical innovation of mounting his infantry to keep up with his cavalry. Anganamón is said to have participated in the Battle of Curalaba on December 23 of 1598, which killed the Governor of Chile Martín García Oñez de Loyola. In April 1599 he led the attack on Boroa near La Imperial, where six Spanish soldiers and indigenous auxiliaries were killed. With Pelantaro and Aillavilú he fought a pitched battle with the troops of Governor Alonso García de Ramón in late 1609. Ramón was victorious but not without gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toqui
Toqui (or Toki) ( Mapudungun for ''axe'' or ''axe-bearer'') is a title conferred by the Mapuche (an indigenous Chilean and Argentinian people) on those chosen as leaders during times of war. The toqui is chosen in an assembly or parliament ('' coyag'') of the chieftains (loncos) of various clans (Rehues) or confederation of clans (Aillarehues), allied during the war at hand. The toqui commanded strict obedience of all the warriors and their loncos during the war, would organize them into units and appoint leaders over them. This command would continue until the toqui was killed, abdicated (Cayancaru), was deposed in another parliament (as in the case of Lincoyan, for poor leadership), or upon completion of the war for which he was chosen. Some of the more famous Toqui in the Arauco War with the Spanish introduced tactical innovations. For example, Lautaro introduced infantry tactics to defeat horsemen. Lemucaguin was the first Toqui to use firearms and artillery in battle. Non ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parliament Of Paicaví
In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries. The term is similar to the idea of a senate, synod or congress and is commonly used in countries that are current or former monarchies. Some contexts restrict the use of the word ''parliament'' to parliamentary systems, although it is also used to describe the legislature in some presidential systems (e.g., the Parliament of Ghana), even where it is not in the official name. Historically, parliaments included various kinds of deliberative, consultative, and judicial assemblies, an example being the French medieval and early modern parlements. Etymology The English term is derived from Anglo-Norman and dates to the 14th century, coming from the 11th century Old French , "discussion, discourse", from , meaning "to talk". The meaning evolved ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
.jpg "Click for more on -> Toqui")
