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Toqui (or Toki) ( Mapudungun for ''axe'' or ''axe-bearer'') is a title conferred by the
Mapuche The Mapuche ( (Mapuche & Spanish: )) are a group of indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina, including parts of Patagonia. The collective term refers to a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups who s ...
(an indigenous
Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...
an and
Argentinian Argentines (mistakenly translated Argentineans in the past; in Spanish ( masculine) or ( feminine)) are people identified with the country of Argentina. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Argentines, ...
people) on those chosen as leaders during times of war. The toqui is chosen in an assembly or
parliament In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries. Th ...
('' coyag'') of the chieftains (
lonco A lonko or lonco (from Mapudungun ''longko'', literally "head"), is a chief of several Mapuche communities. These were often ulmen, the wealthier men in the lof. In wartime, lonkos of the various local rehue or the larger aillarehue would gather ...
s) of various clans (
Rehue A rehue (Mapudungun spelling rewe) or kemukemu is a type of pillar-like sacred altar used by the Mapuche of Chile in many of their ceremonies. Altar/Axis mundi The ''rehue'' is a carved tree trunk set in the ground, surrounded by a hedge o ...
s) or confederation of clans (
Aillarehue Aillarehue or Ayllarehue (from the Mapudungun: ayllarewe/ayjarewe: "nine rehues"); a confederation of rehues or family-based units (lof) that dominated a region or province. It was the old administrative and territorial division of the Mapuche, H ...
s), allied during the war at hand. The toqui commanded strict obedience of all the warriors and their loncos during the war, would organize them into units and appoint leaders over them. This command would continue until the toqui was killed, abdicated (Cayancaru), was deposed in another parliament (as in the case of Lincoyan, for poor leadership), or upon completion of the war for which he was chosen. Some of the more famous Toqui in the
Arauco War The Arauco War was a long-running conflict between colonial Spaniards and the Mapuche people, mostly fought in the Araucanía. The conflict began at first as a reaction to the Spanish conquerors attempting to establish cities and force Mapuche ...
with the Spanish introduced tactical innovations. For example,
Lautaro Lautaro (Anglicized as 'Levtaru') ( arn, Lef-Traru " swift hawk") (; 1534? – April 29, 1557) was a young Mapuche toqui known for leading the indigenous resistance against Spanish conquest in Chile and developing the tactics that would conti ...
introduced infantry tactics to defeat horsemen.
Lemucaguin Lemucaguin a native of Andalicán was the successor to Turcupichun as toqui of the Moluche Butalmapu north of the Biobío River in 1558. He organized a detachment of arquebusiers from weapons captured in the Battle of Marihueñu. He continued the ...
was the first Toqui to use firearms and
artillery Artillery is a class of heavy military ranged weapons that launch munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during siege ...
in battle.
Nongoniel Nangoniel was the Mapuche Toqui in 1585, and son of the previous toqui Cayancaru. He was the first Toqui to use cavalry with the Mapuche army. Following the failure of his siege of Arauco, Cayancura, retired, leaving the command of the army to hi ...
was the first Toqui to use cavalry with the Mapuche army.
Cadeguala Cadeguala or ''Cadiguala''Pedro Mariño de Lobera, CRÓNICA DEL REINO DE CHILE, Cap. XXXV: Diego de Rosales, “Historia General del Reino de Chile”, Flandes Indiano, Tomo II, Capítulos LII, LIII, LIV was a Mapuche toqui elected in 1585 following ...
was the first to successfully use Mapuche cavalry to defeat Spanish cavalry in battle. Anganamón was the first to mount his infantry to keep up with his fast-moving cavalry.
Lientur Lientur was the Mapuche toqui from 1618 to 1625. He was the successor to Loncothegua. Lientur with his vice toqui Levipillan was famed for his rapid ''malóns'' or raids. Because of his ability to slip back and forth over the Spanish border be ...
pioneered the tactic of numerous and rapid ''
malón ''Malón'' (from the Mapudungun ''maleu,'' to inflict damage to the enemy) is the name given to plunder raids carried out by Mapuche warriors, who rode horses into Spanish, Chilean and Argentine territories from the 17th to the 19th centuries, a ...
s'' into Spanish territory. The greatest of the Toqui was the older
Paillamachu Paillamachu (died 1604), was the Mapuche toqui from 1592 to 1603 in what is now Chile. Paillamachu replaced the slain Paillaeco, then organized and carried out the great revolt of 1598 that expelled the Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items fr ...
, who developed the strategy, patiently organized and trained his forces and then with his two younger Vice Toqui,
Pelantaro Pelantaro or Pelantarú (; from arn, pelontraru, lit=Shining Caracara) was one of the vice toquis of Paillamachu, the ''toqui'' or military leader of the Mapuche people during the Mapuche uprising in 1598. Pelantaro and his lieutenants Angana ...
and Millacolquin, carried out the Great Revolt of 1598–1604 which finally expelled the Spanish from Araucania.


List of Mapuche Toquis

The following
Mapuche The Mapuche ( (Mapuche & Spanish: )) are a group of indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina, including parts of Patagonia. The collective term refers to a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups who s ...
leaders were at some time named as toquis: *
Malloquete MalloqueteJerónimo de Vivar, Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile, Capítulo LXVI (died February 11, 1546) was a Mapuche toqui that led an army of Moluche from the region north of the Bio Bio River against Pedro de Valdiv ...
1546 † * Ainavillo, Aynabillo or Aillavilú 1550 † *
Lincoyan Lincoyan (c. 1519 Arauco - 1560 Cañete) was the Mapuche toqui that succeeded Ainavillo in 1550 after the defeat at the Battle of Penco. He tried to stop Pedro de Valdivia from invading and establishing fortresses and cities in their lands betwe ...
1551–1553 * Caupolicán 1553–1558 †† **
Lautaro Lautaro (Anglicized as 'Levtaru') ( arn, Lef-Traru " swift hawk") (; 1534? – April 29, 1557) was a young Mapuche toqui known for leading the indigenous resistance against Spanish conquest in Chile and developing the tactics that would conti ...
Vice Toqui 1553–1557 † *
Turcupichun Turcupichun was the toqui of the Mapuche Aillarehues in the vicinity of Concepcion, Chile and the Bio-Bio River valley from 1557 to 1558. García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete, García Hurtado de Mendoza landed in early June 1557 on th ...
1557–1558 †† *
Lemucaguin Lemucaguin a native of Andalicán was the successor to Turcupichun as toqui of the Moluche Butalmapu north of the Biobío River in 1558. He organized a detachment of arquebusiers from weapons captured in the Battle of Marihueñu. He continued the ...
or
Caupolicán the younger Caupolicán (meaning ‘polished flint’ (queupu) or ‘blue quartz stone’ (Kallfulikan) in Mapudungun) was a ''toqui'' or war leader of the Mapuche people, who led the resistance of his people against the Spanish Conquistadors who invaded the ...
1558 † *
Illangulién Illangulién, ''Quiromanite'', ''Queupulien'' or ''Antiguenu'', was the Mapuche toqui (war leader) elected to replace Lemucaguin or Caupolicán the younger in 1559 following the Battle of Quiapo to his death in battle in the Battle of Angol in 1564 ...
, ''Quiromanite'', ''Queupulien'' or ''Antiguenu'' 1559–1564 † **
Millalelmo Millalelmo or ''Millarelmo'' (died 1570) was a Mapuche military leader in the second great Mapuche rebellion that began in 1561 during the Arauco War. Probably the toqui of the Arauco region, he commanded the Mapuche army of that area at the sieg ...
or ''Millarelmo'' or ''Antunecul'' 1562–1570 **
Loble Loble, also known as Lig-lemu or Lillemu,Juan Ignacio Molina, ''The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili'', pg. 211(d. ca. 1565) was the Mapuche vice-toqui of the Moluche north of the Bio-Bio River who led the second Mapuche revolt dur ...
or ''Lig-lemu'' or ''Lillemu'' Vice Toqui 1563–1565 *
Paillataru Paillataru was the toqui of the Mapuche from 1564 to 1574. He succeeded Illangulién in 1564 following his death in the Battle of Angol. Paillataru was said to be the brother or cousin of Lautaro. During the first years of his command he led raids ...
1564–1574 **
Llanganabal Llanganabal was a Moluche toqui who led the Mapuche army that defeated the Spanish led by Martín Ruiz de Gamboa in the Battle of Catirai in 1569. In 1560 Llanganabal is listed as one of the caciques heading an encomienda along the Bio Bio River. ...
1569 *
Paineñamcu Paineñamcu or Paynenancu or Alonso Diaz,Lobera calls him Diego Díaz, Crónica..., Libro tercero, Parte tercera, Capítulo XXXII; Rosales and Carvallo call him Alonso Diaz was the Mapuche toqui from 1574 to 1584. Alonso Diaz was a mestizo Spanish ...
or Paynenancu, originally Alonso Diaz 1574–1584 †† *
Cayancaru Cayancura, or Cayeucura,Diego de Rosales, ''Historia..., Tomo II'', Capítulo LI was a Mapuche leader native to the region of Marigüenu, chosen as toqui in 1584 to replace the captured Paineñamcu Paineñamcu or Paynenancu or Alonso Diaz,Lobera c ...
or ''Cayeucura'' 1584 *
Nongoniel Nangoniel was the Mapuche Toqui in 1585, and son of the previous toqui Cayancaru. He was the first Toqui to use cavalry with the Mapuche army. Following the failure of his siege of Arauco, Cayancura, retired, leaving the command of the army to hi ...
or ''Mangolien'' 1585 † *
Cadeguala Cadeguala or ''Cadiguala''Pedro Mariño de Lobera, CRÓNICA DEL REINO DE CHILE, Cap. XXXV: Diego de Rosales, “Historia General del Reino de Chile”, Flandes Indiano, Tomo II, Capítulos LII, LIII, LIV was a Mapuche toqui elected in 1585 following ...
or ''Cadiguala'' 1585–1586 † *
Guanoalca Guanoalca (or Huenualca)Claudio Gay Historia fisica y politica de Chile, Capitulo XIII/ref> (died 1590) was the Mapuche ''toqui'' (leader) elected in 1586 following the death in battle of the previous toqui, Cadeguala, killed in a duel with the gar ...
or ''Huenualca'' 1586–1590 *
Quintuguenu Quintuguenu the Mapuche Toqui in the Arauco War elected in 1591 following the death of the old toqui Guanoalca. He was killed in battle the same year. Paillaeco Paillaeco was elected Toqui in 1592 in place of Quintuguenu after Quintuguenu's defe ...
1591 † *
Paillaeco Paillaeco was elected Toqui in 1592 in place of Quintuguenu after Quintuguenu's defeat and death. Paillaeco did not think his forces were now sufficient to oppose the Spanish in the open field and decided to draw them into an ambush. The Spanish ...
1592 † *
Paillamachu Paillamachu (died 1604), was the Mapuche toqui from 1592 to 1603 in what is now Chile. Paillamachu replaced the slain Paillaeco, then organized and carried out the great revolt of 1598 that expelled the Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items fr ...
1592–1603 **
Pelantaro Pelantaro or Pelantarú (; from arn, pelontraru, lit=Shining Caracara) was one of the vice toquis of Paillamachu, the ''toqui'' or military leader of the Mapuche people during the Mapuche uprising in 1598. Pelantaro and his lieutenants Angana ...
Vice Toqui ** Millacolquin Vice Toqui *
Huenecura Huenecura or HuenencuraClaudio Gay, "Historia fisica y politica de Chile", Tomo II, Cap. XXXII. was the Mapuche Toqui from 1604 to 1610. He replaced Paillamachu Paillamachu (died 1604), was the Mapuche toqui from 1592 to 1603 in what is now Chil ...
or ''Huenencura'' 1604–1610 * Aillavilu, Aillavilú II, Aillavilu Segundo 1610–1612 * Anganamón, ''Ancanamon'' or ''Ancanamun'' 1612–1613 * Loncothegua 1613–1620 *
Lientur Lientur was the Mapuche toqui from 1618 to 1625. He was the successor to Loncothegua. Lientur with his vice toqui Levipillan was famed for his rapid ''malóns'' or raids. Because of his ability to slip back and forth over the Spanish border be ...
1621–1625 ** Levipillan Vice Toqui *
Butapichón Butapichón or ''Butapichún'' or ''Putapichon'' Miguel de Olivares, Historia Militar, Civil Y Sagrada de Chile, Coleccíon de historiadores de Chile y documentos a la Historia Nacional, TOMO IV, IMPRENTA DEL FERROCARRIL, Calle delà Bandera Num. ...
or ''Butapichún'' 1625–1631 * Quepuantú or ''Quempuante'' 1631–1632 † *
Butapichón Butapichón or ''Butapichún'' or ''Putapichon'' Miguel de Olivares, Historia Militar, Civil Y Sagrada de Chile, Coleccíon de historiadores de Chile y documentos a la Historia Nacional, TOMO IV, IMPRENTA DEL FERROCARRIL, Calle delà Bandera Num. ...
or ''Butapichún'' 1632–1634 * Huenucalquin 1634–1635 † * Curanteo 1635 † * Curimilla 1635–1639 † * Lincopinchon 1640–1641 * Clentaru 1655 * Mestizo Alejo or ''Ñancú'' 1656–1661 @ * Misqui 1661–1663 † * Colicheuque 1663 † * Udalevi 1664–1665 † ** Calbuñancü vice toqui 1664–1665 † * Ayllicuriche or Huaillacuriche 1672–1673 † * Millalpal or ''Millapán'' 1692–1694 *
Vilumilla Vilumilla was the Mapuche Toqui elected in 1722 to lead the Mapuche Uprising of 1723 against the Spanish for their violation of the peace. The Mapuche resented the Spanish intruding into their territory and building forts, and also the insolence of ...
1722–1726 * Curiñancu 1766–1774 **
Lebian Lebian (Lebiantu) (died September 1776) was toqui from 1769 to 1774, who led the Pehuenche against the Spanish Empire in Chile following the Mapuche Uprising of 1766 during the Arauco War. Life During the war, in 1769 Lebian led a malón against th ...
Vice ToquiClaudio Gay, Historia fisica y politica de Chile, Toma IV, Primera parte, Capítulo XVIII, En casa del autor, 1848, p. 223 † Killed in battle or †† executed for rebellion or @ assassinated.


References


Sources


Juan Ignatius Molina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, Vol II., Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, London, 1809

José Ignacio Víctor Eyzaguirre, Historia eclesiastica: Politica y literaria de Chile, IMPRENTA DEL COMERCIO, VALPARAISO, June 1830
List of Toquis, pg. 162–163, 498–500. {{authority control Mapuche History of Chile * Titles of national or ethnic leadership Mapuche words and phrases