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Mureed
In Sufism, a ''murīd'' (Arabic مُرِيد 'one who seeks') is a novice committed to spiritual enlightenment by ''sulūk'' (traversing a path) under a spiritual guide, who may take the title murshid, '' pir'' or ''shaykh''. A '' sālik'' or Sufi follower only becomes a ''murīd'' when he makes a pledge ('' bayʿah'') to a ''murshid''. The equivalent Persian term is ''shāgird''. The initiation process of a ''murīd'' is known as ''ʿahd'' ( ar, عَهْد) or ''bai'ath''. Before initiation, a ''murid'' is instructed by his guide, who must first accept the initiate as his disciple. Throughout the instruction period, the ''murīd'' typically experiences waridates like visions and dreams during personal spiritual awrads and exercises. These visions are interpreted by the ''murshid''. A common practice among the early Sufi orders was to grant a ''khirqa'' or a robe to the ''murīd'' upon the initiation or after he had progressed through a series of increasingly difficult and sign ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sufism
Sufism ( ar, ''aṣ-ṣūfiyya''), also known as Tasawwuf ( ''at-taṣawwuf''), is a mystic body of religious practice, found mainly within Sunni Islam but also within Shia Islam, which is characterized by a focus on Islamic spirituality, ritualism, asceticism and esotericism. It has been variously defined as "Islamic mysticism",Martin Lings, ''What is Sufism?'' (Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), p.15 "the mystical expression of Islamic faith", "the inward dimension of Islam", "the phenomenon of mysticism within Islam", the "main manifestation and the most important and central crystallization" of mystical practice in Islam, and "the interiorization and intensification of Islamic faith and practice". Practitioners of Sufism are referred to as "Sufis" (from , ), and historically typically belonged to "orders" known as (pl. ) – congregations formed around a grand who would be the last in a chain of successive teachers linking back to Muham ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khirqa
The khirqa is the initiatory cloak of the Sufi chain of spirituality, with which esoteric knowledge and barakah is passed from the Murshid or the Shaikh to the aspirant murid. The khirqa initiates an aspirant into the silsilah, the chain or lineage of sheikhs that goes back to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. This chain serves as the channel through which barakah flows from the source of spiritual revelation to the being of the initiate. Subdivisions There are two kinds of this kind of transmission (tanakkul) of barakah through the khirqa: khirqa-yi irada and khirqa-yi tabarruk. Khirqa-yi irada is characterized by the passing of barakah to the aspirant from the singular sheikh to which they have pledged allegiance (bay'at). Khirqa-yi tabarruk, also known as the "frock of blessing", is characterized by the passing of barakah to the worthy aspirant from any sheikh that they have encountered. The silsilah chain created from the passing of the khirqa that confirms authenticity of many ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muqarrab (Sufism)
The Muqarrab () is a major spiritual stage (maqaam) that the and (novices and followers of Sufism) reach in their ascetic quest within Islamic Sufism. Presentation Being close to God (''Allah'') is one of the main goals of worship (ibadah) and mysticism (Sufism) in the religion of Islam. This proximity accompanied by intimacy and modesty allows the Muslim to escape the idleness of the ghaflah and thus to reach the firmament of fanaa in which personal human attributes are diluted and dissolved in order to leave room for contemplation and the ishq accompanying the baqaa state which returns the Sufi to the commonality of mortal life while maintaining his radiant qalb in the state of yaqeen. Islamic ethics and deontology of this path of spiritual rapprochement must keep the murid in the wake of the rabbaniyya which does not aim to accomplish fantastic feats as much as it aspires to live hidayah and ma'rifa in a peaceful and moderate way. Approach and attraction The subje ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Majzoob (Sufism)
In Sufism, the Majzoob or Majzub ( ar, مَجْذُوب, plural: مَجَاذِيبٌ ''majazib, majazeeb'') is a mystical station (haal) that the Muslim saint (wali) underwent in his journey within Islamic sufism to reach the posture (maqaam) of reacher ( wassil) and perfect man (al-Insān al-Kāmil). Presentation ''Majzoobs'' are such murids whose hearts ( qulub) are soaked, immersed and illuminated with anwar and asrar even before they engage in adhkar and awrad. They do not first engage in dhikr until God illumines their hearts and guides them from the very inception. After being illumined with divine lights, they engage in recitation and invocation which is not a hard task for them because in their state it is just as breathing is. Duncan Forbes said: John Thompson Platts said: Ra Gohar Shahi said: Muḥammad Fasī al-Dīn said: Since the ''Majzoob'' is a wassil who has approached and reached the pinnacle of Sufism, the Sufis ascribe all sorts of Karamat and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salik
A sālik is a follower of Sufism, from the verb ''salaka'' which means to travel or follow, related to ''sulūk'' "pathway". ''Sulūk'' here specifically refers to a spiritual path, i.e. the combination of the two "paths" that can be followed in religion, the exoteric path or shariah, and the esoteric path or haqiqa. The "path" metaphor is derived from the Qur'an: see sura 16, (An-Nahl, The Bees), ayat 69: :''faslukī subula rabbiki dhululan'' "and follow the ways of your Lord made easy or you, which uses the imperative of the verb ''salaka'' which means to follow or to travel. A ''sālik'' is also called murid when one becomes a disciple to one particular spiritual teacher ( murshid) or a Sufi master. See also *Tariqa * Talibe * Murid In Sufism, a ''murīd'' (Arabic مُرِيد 'one who seeks') is a novice committed to spiritual enlightenment by ''sulūk'' (traversing a path) under a spiritual guide, who may take the title murshid, '' pir'' or ''shaykh''. A ''sāli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Talibe
A talibé (also spelled ''talibe'', plural ''talibés''; ar, طالب, ṭālib, seeker, 'student'; pl. ) is a boy, usually from Senegal, the Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Chad, Mali or Mauritania, who studies the Quran at a daara (West African equivalent of madrasa). This education is guided by a teacher known as a marabout. In most cases talibés leave their parents to stay in the daara. Within Senegal, the term ''talibé'' can be used in a wider context, “for instance to denote a militant adherent of a political party.” Overview The talibé's relationship with his marabout is one of “devotion and strict obedience.” The marabout provides “guidance, protection, and intercession” for the talibé. A talibé's allegiance to his marabout is expressed through economic support or tithes. The views on talibés in Senegalese society are diverse. Some individuals, ethnic groups and religious denominations promote the raising of talibés while others reject the practice. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mouride Brotherhood
The Mouride brotherhood ( wo, yoonu murit, ar, الطريقة المريدية ''aṭ-Ṭarīqat al-Murīdiyyah'' or simply , ''al-Murīdiyyah'') is a large ''tariqa'' (Sufi order) most prominent in Senegal and The Gambia with headquarters in the city of Touba, which is a holy city for the order. Adherents are called Mourides, from the Arabic word '' murīd'' (literally "one who desires"), a term used generally in Sufism to designate a disciple of a spiritual guide.The beliefs and practices of the Mourides constitute Mouridism. Mouride disciples call themselves ''taalibé'' in Wolof and must undergo a ritual of allegiance called ''njebbel'', as it is considered highly important to have a sheikh "spiritual guide" in order to become a Mouride. The Mouride brotherhood was founded in 1883 in Senegal by Amadou Bamba. The Mouride make up around 40 percent of the total population, and their influence over everyday life can be seen throughout Senegal. History Ahmadou Bamba The Mouride ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Murid War
In Sufism, a ''murīd'' (Arabic مُرِيد 'one who seeks') is a novice committed to spiritual enlightenment by ''sulūk'' (traversing a path) under a spiritual guide, who may take the title murshid, '' pir'' or ''shaykh''. A '' sālik'' or Sufi follower only becomes a ''murīd'' when he makes a pledge ('' bayʿah'') to a ''murshid''. The equivalent Persian term is ''shāgird''. The initiation process of a ''murīd'' is known as ''ʿahd'' ( ar, عَهْد) or ''bai'ath''. Before initiation, a ''murid'' is instructed by his guide, who must first accept the initiate as his disciple. Throughout the instruction period, the ''murīd'' typically experiences waridates like visions and dreams during personal spiritual awrads and exercises. These visions are interpreted by the ''murshid''. A common practice among the early Sufi orders was to grant a ''khirqa'' or a robe to the ''murīd'' upon the initiation or after he had progressed through a series of increasingly difficult and sign ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Murīdūn
The Murīdūn ("disciples") were a Sufi order in al-Andalus that rebelled against the authority of the Almoravid dynasty in 1141 and ruled a ''taifa'' based on Mértola in the al-Gharb from 1144 until 1151. The founder and leader of the Murīdūn was Abūʾl-Qāsim Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn Qasī, a convert from Christianity from the city of Silves in the far west of al-Andalus. Among his followers were Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar ibn al-Mundhir, a correspondent of the esteemed Sufi teacher Ibn al-ʿArīf from Almería on the eastern coast of al-Andalus. In 1141, threatened by the rise of Sufi teaching in Almería, the Almoravid authorities arrested Ibn al-ʿArīf and his colleague Ibn Barrajān, after which the latter was imprisoned and the former set free. Ibn Barrajān, however, soon died in prison and Ibn al-ʿArīf died suddenly, poisoned it was said, in Almería. The sudden loss of the leaders of the Sufi movement in Almería, presumably at the hands of the authorities, conv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Esposito
John Louis Esposito (born May 19, 1940) is an Italian-American academic, professor of Middle Eastern and religious studies, and scholar of Islamic studies, who serves as Professor of Religion, International Affairs, and Islamic Studies at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. He is also the founding director of the Prince Alwaleed Center for Muslim–Christian Understanding at Georgetown. Biography For nearly twenty years after completing his Ph.D., Esposito had taught Religious studies (including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam) at the College of the Holy Cross, a Jesuit college in Massachusetts. At the College of the Holy Cross, Esposito held the Loyola Professor of Middle East Studies position, was the chair of the Department of Religious Studies, and director of the College of the Holy Cross' Center for International Studies.Bi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wassil (Sufism)
In Sufism, a ''wassil'' ( ar, وَاصِل; 'one who reaches') is a murid or salik who accomplished and finished crossing the path of ''sulūk''. Presentation The ''wasil'' is the sufi who has reached the spiritual stage where the divine Hijab is unveiled on his qalb. When the ''Hijab'' is unveiled on the qalb of the ''salik'' and the ''tajalli'' manifests itself before him, one speaks that the sufi has reached the maqaam of ''woussoul'' ( ar, الوُصُول). Indeed, the good niyyah of the ''murid'' to follow the mystical path of ''suluk'' introduces him into the phase of ''salik'' which hangs him on a spiritual cord which connects his ''qalb'' to divine mercy. Kinds The ''wassil'' is presented in sufism according to several qualities which are: *Siddiq *Wali *Al-Insān al-Kāmil * Rabbani * Majzoob * Muqarrab * See also *Talibe *Murid *Salik A sālik is a follower of Sufism, from the verb ''salaka'' which means to travel or follow, related to ''sulūk'' "pathway". '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wird (Sufism)
The wird (plural: awrād) is a regular litany and a mystical invocation practiced by , and in islamic sufism. Presentation In Sufism, the murid's transformation and salvation is done by the practice of special disciplines such as performance of dhikr, remembrance of Allah and his prophet Muhammad, and wird as special invocations, and Quranic recitations, or doing Salah. The wird is then viewed as a devotion or liturgy specific to a particular Sufi order or Tariqa in which the substance is defined and based on dhikr and wird. Sufis designated specific times devoted to Allah and the specific dhikr recited on these occasions. An initiate murid is given the secret wird of the Sufi order upon completion of training, transferring the spiritual power of the silsila of transmission from the founder of the order and Muhammad, to the initiate. Taking wird is equivalent to full initiation into the Sufi tariqa. Benefits Wird is like a spiritual medication taken by the murid every ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
