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Muchtar Pakpahan
Muchtar Pakpahan (21 December 1953 – 21 March 2021) was an Indonesian labor leader who founded the first independent trade union in Indonesia. Pakpahan was active as a lawyer at Muchtar Pakpahan & Associates Law Firm and taught at the Law Faculty of the Indonesian Christian University (UKI). Early life Pakpahan was born on 21 December 1953, in Bah Jambi village, Tanah Jawa, Simalungun, as the son of Sutan Johan Pakpahan and Victoria Silalahi. His father was a farm laborer and a member of the Peasants Front of Indonesia. His father died when he was eleven years old, while his mother died when he was eighteen years old. His parents' death made him and his brothers and sisters into orphans, and he had to work as a pedicab driver and as a paperboy during his studies in high school. After Muchtar Pakpahan finished high school, he continued his study at the Medical Faculty of the University of North Sumatra. However, according to Pakpahan, he decided to move into the Law Faculty ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bachelor's Degree
A bachelor's degree (from Middle Latin ''baccalaureus'') or baccalaureate (from Modern Latin ''baccalaureatus'') is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to six years (depending on institution and academic discipline). The two most common bachelor's degrees are the Bachelor of Arts (BA) and the Bachelor of Science (BS or BSc). In some institutions and educational systems, certain bachelor's degrees can only be taken as graduate or postgraduate educations after a first degree has been completed, although more commonly the successful completion of a bachelor's degree is a prerequisite for further courses such as a master's or a doctorate. In countries with qualifications frameworks, bachelor's degrees are normally one of the major levels in the framework (sometimes two levels where non-honours and honours bachelor's degrees are considered separately). However, some qualifications titled bachelor's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peasants Front Of Indonesia
Peasants Front of Indonesia ( id, Barisan Tani Indonesia) was a peasant mass organisation connected to the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). BTI was founded 25 November 1945. The previous peasant organisation of PKI had been the Peasants Union (''Serikat Tani'') formed in 1945. Its final general chairman was Asmu, the PKI's main agricultural analyst, who was appointed to the position in July 1962. The organization struggled for land reform Land reform is a form of agrarian reform involving the changing of laws, regulations, or customs regarding land ownership. Land reform may consist of a government-initiated or government-backed property redistribution, generally of agricultural ..., and was suppressed along with PKI in 1965. References Mass organizations of the Communist Party of Indonesia 1966 disestablishments in Indonesia 1945 establishments in Indonesia {{indonesia-party-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1953 Births
Events January * January 6 – The Asian Socialist Conference opens in Rangoon, Burma. * January 12 – Estonian émigrés found a government-in-exile in Oslo. * January 14 ** Marshal Josip Broz Tito is chosen President of Yugoslavia. ** The CIA-sponsored Robertson Panel first meets to discuss the UFO phenomenon. * January 15 – Georg Dertinger, foreign minister of East Germany, is arrested for spying. * January 19 – 71.1% of all television sets in the United States are tuned into ''I Love Lucy'', to watch Lucy give birth to Little Ricky, which is more people than those who tune into Dwight Eisenhower's inauguration the next day. This record has yet to be broken. * January 20 – Dwight D. Eisenhower is sworn in as the 34th President of the United States. * January 24 ** Mau Mau Uprising: Rebels in Kenya kill the Ruck family (father, mother, and six-year-old son). ** Leader of East Germany Walter Ulbricht announces that agriculture will be col ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sukarno
Sukarno). (; born Koesno Sosrodihardjo, ; 6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for independence from the Dutch colonialists. He was a prominent leader of Indonesia's nationalist movement during the colonial period and spent over a decade under Dutch detention until released by the invading Japanese forces in World War II. Sukarno and his fellow nationalists collaborated to garner support for the Japanese war effort from the population, in exchange for Japanese aid in spreading nationalist ideas. Upon Japanese surrender, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declared Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945, and Sukarno was appointed president. He led the Indonesian resistance to Dutch re-colonisation efforts via diplomatic and military means until the Dutch recognition of Indonesian independence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Songkok
The songkok or peci or kopiah is a cap widely worn in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the southern Philippines, and southern Thailand, most commonly among Muslim males. It has the shape of a truncated cone, usually made of black or embroidered felt, cotton or velvet. It is also worn by males in formal occasions such as weddings and funerals or festive occasions such as the Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha holidays. In Indonesia, the peci is also associated with the nationalist movement. Names It is called "songkok" in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. While in Java, it is called "kopiah" or "kopeah". It is also known widely in Indonesia as "peci", although peci has a more ellipse shape and sometimes decorated. Origin Kopiah (kupiah) is recorded as being used by Majapahit elite troops (''Bhayangkara''), recorded in the ''Hikayat Banjar'', written in or not long after 1663. Kopiah is recorded in Pigafetta's Italian-Malay vocabulary of 1521 (published 1524) as ''cophia''. Kup ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Batak Christian Protestant Church
The Huria Kristen Batak Protestan (''HKBP''), which translates in English as ''Batak Christian Protestant Church'', is a Lutheran church that is oriented towards Protestant among the Batak people, generally the Toba Batak in Indonesia. With a baptized membership of 4,500,000, it is one of the largest Protestant churches in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. Its present leader is Ephorus (Bishop) Robinson Butarbutar. History The first Protestant missionaries who tried to reach the Batak highlands of inner Northern Sumatra were English and American Baptist preachers in the 1820s and 1830s, but without any success. After Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn and Herman Neubronner van der Tuuk did intensive research on Batak language and culture in the 1840s, a new attempt was made in 1861 by several missionaries sent out by the German Rhenish Missionary Society (RMG). The first Bataks were baptized during this year. In 1864, Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen of the RMG reached the Batak region and founded a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protestantism
Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century against what its followers perceived to be growing errors, abuses, and discrepancies within it. Protestantism emphasizes the Christian believer's justification by God in faith alone (') rather than by a combination of faith with good works as in Catholicism; the teaching that salvation comes by divine grace or "unmerited favor" only ('); the priesthood of all faithful believers in the Church; and the ''sola scriptura'' ("scripture alone") that posits the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice. Most Protestants, with the exception of Anglo-Papalism, reject the Catholic doctrine of papal supremacy, but disagree among themselves regarding the number of sacraments, the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, and matters of ecclesiast ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Supreme Court Of Indonesia
The Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia ( id, Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia) is the independent judicial arm of the state. It maintains a system of courts and sits above the other courts and is the final court of appeal. It can also re-examine cases if new evidence emerges. Jurisdiction The Supreme Court is independent as of the third amendment to the Constitution of Indonesia. The Supreme Court has oversight over the high courts (''Pengadilan Tinggi'') and district courts (''Pengadilan Negeri''). There are about 68 high courts: 31 General Courts, 29 Religious Courts, 4 Administrative Courts and 4 Military Courts. There are around 250 district courts with additional district courts being created from time to time.In late 2011, the former chief justice of the Supreme Court, Harifin A. Tumpa, said that the Indonesian government could only aim to establish district courts in 400 of the nation's 530 provinces, regencies (''kabupaten'') and municipalities (''kotamadya''). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Susilo Sudarman
General Soesilo Soedarman ( EYD: Susilo Sudarman) (10 November 1928 – 18 December 1997) was the Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal and Security Affairs at the Fourth Development Cabinet (1993–1998) and the Minister of Tourism, Post and Telecommunications at the Fifth Development Cabinet (1988–1993). Serving as the Indonesian Ambassador to the United States, in Washington, D.C from 18 February 1986 to 11 April 1988 and Member of the People's Consultative Assembly representing Golongan Karya for the Constituency of North Sumatra until his death. Profile Early life Soesilo was born the second of eleven children on 10 November 1928 in Maos, Cilacap with the name Soemarlan. When he was weaned, he was then cared for by his grandfather who changed his name to Soesilo. Soesilo's grandfather was a wealthy landlord, at the time of his birth, he received several gifts from his grandfather in the form of land of around 100 ''bau'' (70 hectares) and a sum of 10 thous ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coordinating Ministry For Political, Legal, And Security Affairs
The Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs (, abbreviated ''Kemenko Polhukam'') is the Indonesian government ministry in charge of the planning and policy co-ordination, as well as synchronisation of policies in the affairs of politics, law, and national security. This Ministry is led by a "Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal and Security Affairs" (locally abbreviated as ''Menko Polhukam''). Throughout its history, the post is usually occupied by retired Armed forces high-ranking officers, but under Joko Widodo's cabinet, it is currently held by politician of civilian background; Mahfud MD. Coordinating Agencies Based from Presidential Decree No. 73/2020, these ministry and agencies are placed under the coordinating ministry. The decree, however, removed State Intelligence Agency and National Cyber and Crypto Agency from the coordination of coordinating ministry as both intelligence agencies already placed directly under the President under the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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