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Monotropism
Monotropism is a cognitive strategy posited to be the central underlying feature of autism. A monotropic mind is one that focuses its attention on a small number of interests at any time, tending to miss things outside of this attention tunnel. The theory of monotropism was developed by Dinah Murray, Wenn Lawson and Mike Lesser starting in the 1990s, and published about in the journal ''Autism'' in 2005. Wenn Lawson's further work on the theory formed the basis of his PhD, ''Single Attention and Associated Cognition in Autism'', and book ''The Passionate Mind'' (Lawson, 2011). A tendency to focus attention tightly has a number of psychological implications. While monotropism tends to cause people to miss things outside their attention tunnel, within it their focused attention can lend itself to intense experiences, deep thinking and flow states. However, this hyperfocus makes it harder to redirect attention, including starting and stopping tasks, leading to what is often described ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dinah Murray
Dinah Karen Crawshay Murray (27 May 1946 - 7 July 2021) was a writer, educator and campaigner for autism, autistic people. She collaborated in developing the theory of monotropism as a way of explaining autism in terms of a tendency to focus intensely on a subject. Early life Murray was born in Hampstead, London, the daughter of Labour Party (UK), Labour Party politician, Tony Greenwood, Baron Greenwood of Rossendale, Tony Greenwood, who was a member of Harold Wilson's cabinet. Her mother Gillian, Lady Greenwood of Rossendale, Jill Greenwood, was a writer who created and illustrated the pamphlet ''Make Do and Mend'', published during World War II, and was co-founder of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. Murray's godfather was the Labour Prime Minister of the time, Clement Attlee. Murray attended Byron House School, Byron House school, Highgate and the North London Collegiate School. She worked for Penguin Books as a copy editor before attending University College London, wher ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Autism
The autism spectrum, often referred to as just autism or in the context of a professional diagnosis autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or autism spectrum condition (ASC), is a neurodevelopmental condition (or conditions) characterized by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and the presence of repetitive behavior and restricted interests. Other common signs include unusual responses to sensory stimuli. Autism is generally understood as a ''spectrum disorder'', which means that it can manifest differently in each person: any given autistic individual is likely to show some, but not all, of the characteristics associated with it, and the person may exhibit them to varying degrees. Some autistic people remain nonspeaking over the course of their lifespan, while others have relatively unimpaired spoken language. There is large variation in the level of support people require, and the same person may present differently at varying times. Historically ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tunnel Vision Sc
A tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through surrounding soil, earth or rock, and enclosed except for the entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A Pipeline transport, pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail transport, rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a rapid transit network are usually in the tunnel. Some tunnels are used as sanitary sewer, sewers or aqueduct (watercourse), aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations. Utility tunnels are used for routing steam, chilled water, electrical power or telecommunication cables, as well as connecting buildings for convenient passage of people and equipment. Secret tunnels are built for military purposes, or by civilians for smuggling of weapons, contraband, or people. Special tunnels, such as wildlife crossi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Autism And Working Memory
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed as impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. In this article, the word ''autism'' is used for referring to the whole range of conditions on the autism spectrum, which is not uncommon. Working memory is the system that actively holds multiple pieces of transitory information in the mind, where they can be manipulated. This system has a limited capacity. Working memory is a part of the executive functions (EF), an umbrella term for cognitive processes that regulate, control, and manage other cognitive processes, for instance planning and attention. Research connections A majority of the research has found that individuals with autism perform poorly on measures of executive function. A general decrease in working memory (WM) is one of the limitations, although some studies have found that working memory is not impaired in autistic children relative to controls matched for IQ. How ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Autism And Memory
The characteristics of memory function in autism have been studied for decades. Autistic people experience specific difficulties with memory and memory strengths. While memory difficulty is not part of the diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it is a common symptom experienced by many autistic people. This article emphasizes declarative and non-declarative memory functions and their connection with Autism. In their 2019 meta-analysis, Habbi, Harris, Pollick, and Melville reported a connection between autism and working memory. Working memory impairments appear to involve both phonological and visual spatial arenas. Overview Because autism is a spectrum disorder, there are many challenges to the study of autism and memory function. It is important for researchers to be able to collect data across the spectrum and develop experimental designs to study both individuals with high functioning autism (HFA) and those with moderate-low functioning autism (M-LFA). Met ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Predictive Processing Model
In neuroscience, predictive coding (also known as predictive processing) is a theory of brain function which postulates that the brain is constantly generating and updating a "mental model" of the environment. According to the theory, such a mental model is used to predict input signals from the senses that are then compared with the actual input signals from those senses. With the rising popularity of representation learning, the theory is being actively pursued and applied in machine learning and related fields. The phrase 'predictive coding' is also used in several other disciplines such as signal-processing technologies and law in loosely-related or unrelated senses. Origins Theoretical ancestors to predictive coding date back as early as 1860 with Helmholtz's concept of unconscious inference. Unconscious inference refers to the idea that the human brain fills in visual information to make sense of a scene. For example, if something is relatively smaller than another object ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Damian Milton
Damian Milton is a British sociologist and social psychologist who specialises in autism research, and an advocate in the Autism rights movement. He is a lecturer at the University of Kent as well as a consultant for the UK's National Autistic Society and has academic qualifications in sociology, psychology, philosophy, and education. Milton is best known for his " double empathy problem" theory, which is the idea that, contrary to previous studies in the 20th century had concluded, autistic people do not lack theory of mind but rather that autistic people and neurotypical people struggle with bidirectional theory of mind towards one another due to their neurological differences. While the concept had existed in earlier publications, Milton named and significantly expanded on it. Milton has been involved with (written or co-written) over 250 publications related to autism research. In his writing, he uses the social model of disability, and many of his publications deconst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theory Of Mind
In psychology, theory of mind refers to the capacity to understand other people by ascribing mental states to them (that is, surmising what is happening in their mind). This includes the knowledge that others' mental states may be different from one's own states and include beliefs, desires, intentions, emotions, and thoughts. Possessing a functional theory of mind is considered crucial for success in everyday human social interactions. People use such a theory when analyzing, judging, and inferring others' behaviors. The discovery and development of theory of mind primarily came from studies done with animals and infants. Factors including drug and alcohol consumption, language development, cognitive delays, age, and culture can affect a person's capacity to display theory of mind. It has been proposed that deficits in theory of mind can occur in people with autism (although this is contentious), anorexia nervosa, schizophrenia, dysphoria, attention deficit hyperactivity diso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cognitive Processes
Cognition refers to "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses". It encompasses all aspects of intellectual functions and processes such as: perception, attention, thought, intelligence, the formation of knowledge, memory and working memory, judgment and evaluation, reasoning and computation, problem solving and decision making, comprehension and production of language. Imagination is also a cognitive process, it is considered as such because it involves thinking about possibilities. Cognitive processes use existing knowledge and discover new knowledge. Cognitive processes are analyzed from different perspectives within different contexts, notably in the fields of linguistics, musicology, anesthesia, neuroscience, psychiatry, psychology, education, philosophy, anthropology, biology, systemics, logic, and computer science. These and other approaches to the analysis of cognition (such as embodied cognition) a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
