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Melanaspis Glomerata
''Melanaspis glomerata'', the sugarcane scale or black scale, is a species of armoured scale insect in the family Diaspididae. It is native to the Indian subcontinent where it is a serious pest of sugarcane. Description When first hatched, the nymphs are known as "crawlers" and move to other parts of the plant, particularly the young growth beneath the leaf sheaths. This is the only life cycle stage that is mobile because other stages pierce the plant tissues with their mouthparts and remain in one place. Female insects are roughly circular, the soft body being concealed under a slightly convex, greyish-brown or blackish test or scale. Male insects have a smaller, more oval test. Distribution ''Melanaspis glomerata'' occurs in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. Ecology The primary host of ''Melanaspis glomerata'' is '' Saccharum officinarum'' (sugarcane). The insect is very small and the main evidence of its presence is greyish patches on the midribs of the leaves and on the stem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diaspididae
Diaspididae is the largest family of scale insects with over 2650 described species in around 400 genera. As with all scale insects, the female produces a waxy protective scale beneath which it feeds on its host plant. Diaspidid scales are far more substantial than those of most other families, incorporating the exuviae from the first two nymphal instars and sometimes faecal matter and fragments of the host plant. These can be complex and extremely waterproof structures rather resembling a suit of armor. For this reason these insects are commonly referred to as armored scale insects. As it is so robust and firmly attached to the host plant, the scale often persists long after the insect has died. Some African Diaspididae are attended by ants of genus ''Melissotarsus''. The ants appear to consume the armored scales because Diaspididae are completely naked when ant-attended; the ant nest itself remains completely hidden under the bark of the tree. Selected species Well-known spec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pest (organism)
A pest is any animal or plant harmful to humans or human concerns. The term is particularly used for creatures that damage crops, livestock, and forestry or cause a nuisance to people, especially in their homes. Humans have modified the environment for their own purposes and are intolerant of other creatures occupying the same space when their activities impact adversely on human objectives. Thus, an elephant is unobjectionable in its natural habitat but a pest when it tramples crops. Some animals are disliked because they bite or sting; snake Snakes are elongated, Limbless vertebrate, limbless, carnivore, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes . Like all other Squamata, squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping Scale (zoology), scales. Ma ...s, wasps, ants, bed bugs, fleas and ticks belong in this category. Others enter the home; these include houseflies, which land on and contaminate food, beetles, which tunnel into the woodwor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sugarcane
Sugarcane or sugar cane is a species of (often hybrid) tall, Perennial plant, perennial grass (in the genus ''Saccharum'', tribe Andropogoneae) that is used for sugar Sugar industry, production. The plants are 2–6 m (6–20 ft) tall with stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in sucrose, which accumulates in the Plant stem, stalk internodes. Sugarcanes belong to the grass family, Poaceae, an economically important flowering plant family that includes maize, wheat, rice, and sorghum, and many forage crops. It is native to the warm temperate and tropical regions of India, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea. The plant is also grown for biofuel production, especially in Brazil, as the canes can be used directly to produce ethyl alcohol (ethanol). Grown in tropical and subtropical regions, sugarcane is the world's largest crop by production quantity, totaling 1.9 billion tonnes in 2020, with Brazil accounting for 40% of the world total. Sugarcane accounts for 79% of sug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Test (biology)
In biology, a test is the hard shell of some spherical marine animals and protists, notably sea urchins and microorganisms such as testate foraminiferans, radiolarians, and testate amoebae. The term is also applied to the covering of scale insects. The related Latin term testa is used for the hard seed coat of plant seeds. Etymology The anatomical term "test" derives from the Latin ''testa'' (which means a rounded bowl, amphora or bottle). Structure The test is a skeletal structure, made of hard material such as calcium carbonate, silica, chitin or composite materials. As such, it allows the protection of the internal organs and the attachment of soft flesh. In sea urchins The test of sea urchins is made of calcium carbonate, strengthened by a framework of calcite monocrystals, in a characteristic "stereomic" structure. These two ingredients provide sea urchins with a great solidity and a moderate weight, as well as the capacity to regenerate the mesh from the cuticle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Host (biology)
In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasite, parasitic, a mutualism (biology), mutualistic, or a commensalism, commensalist ''guest'' (symbiont). The guest is typically provided with nourishment and shelter. Examples include animals playing host to parasitic worms (e.g. nematodes), cell (biology), cells harbouring pathogenic (disease-causing) viruses, a Fabaceae, bean plant hosting mutualistic (helpful) Rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria. More specifically in botany, a host plant supplies nutrient, food resources to micropredators, which have an evolutionarily stable strategy, evolutionarily stable relationship with their hosts similar to ectoparasitism. The host range is the collection of hosts that an organism can use as a partner. Symbiosis Symbiosis spans a wide variety of possible relationships between organisms, differing in their permanence and their effects on the two parties. If one of the partners in an ass ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saccharum Officinarum
''Saccharum officinarum'' is a large, strong-growing species of grass in the genus ''Saccharum''. Its stout stalks are rich in sucrose, a simple sugar which accumulates in the stalk internodes. It originated in New Guinea, and is now cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries worldwide for the production of sugar, ethanol and other products. ''Saccharum officinarum'' is one of the most productive and most intensively cultivated kinds of sugarcane. It can interbreed with other sugarcane species, such as ''Saccharum sinense'' and ''Saccharum barberi''. The major commercial cultivars are complex hybrids. About 70% of the sugar produced worldwide comes from ''S. officinarum'' and hybrids using this species. Description ''Saccharum officinarum'', a perennial plant, grows in clumps consisting of a number of strong unbranched stems. A network of rhizomes forms under the soil which sends up secondary shoots near the parent plant. The stems vary in colour, being green, pinki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sucrose
Sucrose, a disaccharide, is a sugar composed of glucose and fructose subunits. It is produced naturally in plants and is the main constituent of white sugar. It has the molecular formula . For human consumption, sucrose is extracted and refined from either sugarcane or sugar beet. Sugar mills – typically located in tropical regions near where sugarcane is grown – crush the cane and produce raw sugar which is shipped to other factories for refining into pure sucrose. Sugar beet factories are located in temperate climates where the beet is grown, and process the beets directly into refined sugar. The sugar-refining process involves washing the raw sugar crystals before dissolving them into a sugar syrup which is filtered and then passed over carbon to remove any residual colour. The sugar syrup is then concentrated by boiling under a vacuum and crystallized as the final purification process to produce crystals of pure sucrose that are clear, odorless, and sweet. Suga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhyzobius Lophanthae
''Rhyzobius lophanthae'', commonly known as the purple scale predator or the scale-eating ladybird, is a species of ladybird native to Queensland and Southern Australia. It was introduced into the United States in the 1890s and has since spread over the southern half of the country. Taxonomy This insect was first described in California in 1892 by the American entomologist Frank Ellsworth Blaisdell. He named it ''Scymnus lophanthae'', and thought it was a native American species. Unbeknown to him, the beetle was an introduced species, and at about the same time, it was described in its native Australia by the Australian entomologist Thomas Blackburn, who gave it the name ''Rhizobius toowoombae''. However, Blaisdell's name took precedence as it was published first, and ''R. toowoombae'' became a synonym. The specific name ''lophanthae'' means "of lophantha", referring to the plant ''Paraserianthes lophantha'' on which Blaisdell originally saw the ladybird. Description ''Rhyz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chilocorus Cacti
''Chilocorus cacti'', known generally as the cactus lady beetle or the twice-stabbed cactus lady beetle, is a species of lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is native to the Caribbean region, North America, Central America, and South America. The adults and larvae feed on scale insects and attempts have been made to use it for biological pest control. Description The eggs of ''Chilocorus cacti'' are about long, oval and grey. The larvae are cylindrical and moult three times, the fourth instar larva being about long; the larvae are black, with a yellowish-brown girdle, and have large black spines on the dorsal surface. The pupae are diamond-shaped, about long, mottled black and brown, and also spiny. The adult is domed, up to long, a glossy black colour with two large reddish-brown spots on the elytra. This lady beetle is similar in appearance to ''Chilocorus stigma'', but the ventral surface is brown whereas that of ''C. stigma'' is black. Distribution and habitat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coccinellidae
Coccinellidae () is a widespread family of small beetles ranging in size from . They are commonly known as ladybugs in North America and ladybirds in Great Britain. Some entomologists prefer the names ladybird beetles or lady beetles as they are not true bugs. Many of the species have conspicuous aposematic colours and patterns, such as red with black spots, that warn potential predators that they are distasteful. The majority of the more than 6,000 described species are generally considered beneficial insects, because many prey on herbivorous hemipterans such as aphids or scale insects, which are agricultural pests. Many coccinellids lay their eggs directly in aphid and scale insect colonies, ensuring their larvae have an immediate food source. However, some species such as the herbivorous Mexican bean beetle are agricultural pests. Etymology The name ''coccinellids'', created by Pierre André Latreille, is derived from the Latin word ''coccineus'' meaning "scarlet". The na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thrips
Thrips ( order Thysanoptera) are minute (mostly long or less), slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are predators. Entomologists have described approximately 6,000 species. They fly only weakly and their feathery wings are unsuitable for conventional flight; instead, thrips exploit an unusual mechanism, clap and fling, to create lift using an unsteady circulation pattern with transient vortices near the wings. Many thrips species are pests of commercially important crops. A few species serve as vectors for over 20 viruses that cause plant disease, especially the Tospoviruses. Some species of thrips are beneficial as pollinators or as predators of other insects or mites. In the right conditions, such as in greenhouses, many species can exponentially increase in population size and form large swarms because of a lack of natural predators ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Podothrips Lucasseni
''Podothrips'' is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae.Roskov Y., Ower G., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi J., Penev L., eds. (2019)Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2019 Annual Checklist Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X. Species * '' Podothrips anomalus'' * '' Podothrips ardis'' * '' Podothrips australis'' * '' Podothrips bambusae'' * '' Podothrips barrowi'' * '' Podothrips bellatulus'' * '' Podothrips bicolor'' * '' Podothrips brasiliensis'' * '' Podothrips canizoi'' * '' Podothrips denticeps'' * '' Podothrips distinctus'' * '' Podothrips erami'' * '' Podothrips ferrugineus'' * '' Podothrips graminum'' * '' Podothrips longiceps'' * '' Podothrips lucasseni'' * '' Podothrips luteus'' * '' Podothrips moultoni'' * '' Podothrips moundi'' * '' Podothrips odonaspicola'' * '' Podothrips orarius'' * '' Podothrips orion'' * '' Podothrips placitus'' * '' Podothr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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