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Mataparīkṣā
''Mata-parīkṣā'' is a Sanskrit-language text by the Christian author John Muir. It criticizes Hinduism, and portrays Christianity as the true faith. It was written in British India in 1839, and revised twice. As suggested by the title ''Mata-parīkṣā'' (Sanskrit for "An Examination of Religions"), Muir portrayed himself as an impartial judge of religions. William Hodge Mill criticized the text for discussing the Christian philosophy in isolation instead of encouraging the readers to get baptized and join the Church. Contents The book is written in form of a dialogue between a student and a teacher. The following is a synopsis of 1839 edition: # Description of God's Attributes (''Īśvara-guṇa-varṇana'') #: The student notes that various religions contradict each other, and therefore, not all of them can be true. The teacher explains that an intelligent person must analyze religions, accept the true one, and reject all others. He then describes the various attribute ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mataparīkṣottara
''Mataparīkṣottara'', also called ''Mataparīkṣottaram'', is an 1840 Sanskrit-language text by Harachandra Tarkapanchanan (IAST: Hara-candra Tarka-pañcānana) of Calcutta, British India. It is a Hindu apologist response to the Christian writer John Muir's ''Mataparīkṣā''. Authorship The author, Harachandra, was a Bengali Brahmin from Calcutta. The text suggests that he was not a scholar, but knew a little about the Bible, the history of the Christian church, the Western freethought, and contemporary science. Contents The ''Mataparīkṣottara'' consists of 137 verses in 18 pages, including a 2-page English-language preface. The Sanskrit text is divided into three untitled chapters. The text was printed in Bengali script, which limited its circulation outside Bengal. The title of the text means "An Answer to the Mataparīkṣā" (''Mata-parīkṣā-uttara'') in Sanskrit. It bears the subtitle ''An Answer to a Sketch of the Argument for Christianity and against Hind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subaji Bapu
Subaji Bapu (IAST: Subājī Bāpū) was an early 19th-century Hindu astrologer (''jyotisha'') and astronomer from British India. Under the influence of the British civil servant Lancelot Wilkinson, he gave up his belief in Puranic cosmography in favour of the Copernican system. He argued that the Siddhantic cosmography of ancient Indian astrologers was more accurate than the Puranic cosmography, and wrote ''Siddhānta-siromani-prakāsa'' (1836) and ''Avirodha-prakasha'' (1837) to justify his views, amid opposition from the orthodox pandits. Subaji was a Hindu apologist and defended the caste system in ''Laghu-tamka'' (1839). He is also identified with Somanātha, the author of '' Mata-parīkṣā-śikṣā'', a Hindu response to the Christian writer John Muir's ''Mataparīkṣā''. Career Astrology and astronomy Subaji Bapu was a Marathi-speaking astrologer (''jyotisha'') of Central India, and enjoyed the patronage of the British civil servant and Orientalist Lancel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mata-parīkṣā-śikṣā
''Mata-parīkṣā-śikṣā'' ("A Lesson for the uthor of theMataparīksā") is an 1839 Sanskrit-language text by Somanātha, apparently a pseudonym for Subaji Bapu of British India. It is a Hindu apologist response to the Christian writer John Muir's ''Mataparīkṣā''. Authorship The author of ''Mata-parīkṣā-śikṣā'' identifies himself as Somanātha. According to an anonymous English-language note on the manuscript of the text, the author was Subaji Bapu, a Marathi-speaking astrologer (''jyotisha'') of Central India, who enjoyed the patronage of the British civil servant and Orientalist Lancelot Wilkinson. James R. Ballantyne, who wrote the entry for the text in India Office Library and Records (IOLR)'s catalogue of Sanskrit manuscripts, disputes this information. However, several later writers such as Richard F. Young and Stephen Neill believe it to be true, based on a comparison of ''Mata-parīkṣā-śikṣā'' with Subaji's writings. * Somanātha display ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agni
Agni (English: , sa, अग्नि, translit=Agni) is a Sanskrit word meaning fire and connotes the Vedic fire deity of Hinduism. He is also the guardian deity of the southeast direction and is typically found in southeast corners of Hindu temples. In the classical cosmology of the Indian religions, Agni as fire is one of the five inert impermanent elements ('' pañcabhūtá'') along with space (''ākāśa''), water (''ap''), air (''vāyu'') and earth (''pṛthvī''), the five combining to form the empirically perceived material existence (''Prakṛti''). In Vedic literature, Agni is a major and oft-invoked god along with Indra and Soma. Agni is considered the mouth of the gods and goddesses and the medium that conveys offerings to them in a ''homa'' (votive ritual). He is conceptualized in ancient Hindu texts to exist at three levels, on earth as fire, in the atmosphere as lightning, and in the sky as the sun. This triple presence accords him as the messenger between the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central India Agency
The Central India Agency was created in 1854, by amalgamating the Western Malwa Agency with other smaller political offices which formerly reported to the Governor-General of India. The agency was overseen by a political agent who maintained British relations with the princely states and influence over them on behalf of the Governor-General. The headquarters of the agent were at Indore. List of Divisions and Princely States/districts of Agency Bundelkhand Agency : Bundelkhand Agency was bounded by Bagelkhand to the east, the United Provinces to the north, Lalitpur District to the west, and the Central Provinces to the south. Bagelkhand Agency was separated from Bundelkhand in 1871. In 1900 it included 9 states, the most important of which were Orchha, Panna, Samthar, Charkhari, Chhatarpur, Datia, Bijawar and Ajaigarh. The agency also included 13 estates and the ''pargana'' of Alampur, the latter belonging to Indore State. In 1931, all of the states under the Baghelkhand ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hindu Apologetics
Apologetics (from Greek , "speaking in defense") is the religious discipline of defending religious doctrines through systematic argumentation and discourse. Early Christian writers (c. 120–220) who defended their beliefs against critics and recommended their faith to outsiders were called Christian apologists. In 21st-century usage, ''apologetics'' is often identified with debates over religion and theology. Etymology The term ''apologetics'' derives from the Ancient Greek word (). In the Classical Greek legal system, the prosecution delivered the (), the accusation or charge, and the defendant replied with an ', the defence. The was a formal speech or explanation to reply to and rebut the charges. A famous example is Socrates' Apologia defense, as chronicled in Plato's ''Apology''. In the Koine Greek of the New Testament, the Apostle Paul employs the term ''apologia'' in his trial speech to Festus and Agrippa when he says "I make my defense" in Acts 26:2. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pandit
A Pandit ( sa, पण्डित, paṇḍit; hi, पंडित; also spelled Pundit, pronounced ; abbreviated Pt.) is a man with specialised knowledge or a teacher of any field of knowledge whether it is shashtra (Holy Books) or shastra (Weapons) in Hinduism, particularly the Vedas, Vedic scriptures, dharma, or Hindu philosophy; in colonial-era literature, the term generally refers to Brahmins specialized in Hindu law. Pandits (Brahmins) is the highest varna or class of sanatan dharma. Brahmins are both martial and preacher community. This community inculdes many surnames like Tyagi, Bhumihar, Mohyal Brahmin, Mohyal, Chibber etc. Pandits can do agriculture also as they are among the biggest Zamindar (landlord) communities of India. Whereas, today the title is used for experts in other subjects, such as music. Pundit is an English loanword meaning "an expert in a particular subject or field who is frequently called upon to give their opinions to the public". Ustad is the equi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sankhya
''Samkhya'' or ''Sankya'' (; Sanskrit सांख्य), IAST: ') is a dualistic school of Indian philosophy. It views reality as composed of two independent principles, ''puruṣa'' ('consciousness' or spirit); and ''prakṛti'', (nature or matter, including the human mind and emotions). ''Puruṣa'' is the witness-consciousness. It is absolute, independent, free, beyond perception, above any experience by mind or senses, and impossible to describe in words. Unmanifest ''prakriti'' is matter or nature. It is inactive, unconscious, and is a balance of the three ''guṇas'' (qualities or innate tendencies), namely ''sattva'' , ''rajas'', and '' tamas''. When prakṛti comes into contact with Purusha this balance is disturbed, and Prakriti becomes manifest, evolving twenty-three tattvas, namely intellect (buddhi, mahat), ego ( ahamkara) mind ( manas); the five sensory capacities; the five action capacities; and the five "subtle elements" or "modes of sensory content" (''tanm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nyaya
(Sanskrit: न्याय, ''nyā-yá''), literally meaning "justice", "rules", "method" or "judgment",Nyaya: Indian Philosophy Encyclopædia Britannica (2014) is one of the six '' astika'' schools of . This school's most significant contributions to Indian philosophy were systematic development of the theory of , methodology, and its treatises on epistemology. |
Vedanta
''Vedanta'' (; sa, वेदान्त, ), also ''Uttara Mīmāṃsā'', is one of the six (''āstika'') schools of Hindu philosophy. Literally meaning "end of the Vedas", Vedanta reflects ideas that emerged from, or were aligned with, the speculations and philosophies contained in the Upanishads, specifically, knowledge and liberation. Vedanta contains many sub-traditions, all of which are based on a common group of texts called the "Three Sources" ('' prasthānatrayī''): ''the Upanishads'', the ''Brahma Sutras'' and the '' Bhagavad Gita''. All Vedanta traditions contain extensive discussions on ontology, soteriology and epistemology, though there is much disagreement among the various schools. The main traditions of Vedanta are: ''Advaita'' (non-dualism), ''Bhedabheda'' (difference and non-difference), '' Suddhadvaita'' (pure non-dualism), ''Tattvavada ( Dvaita)'' (dualism), and ''Vishishtadvaita'' (qualified non-dualism). Modern developments in Vedanta include Neo-V ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
_Hindu_puja%2C_yajna%2C_yagna%2C_Havanam_in_progress.jpg "Click for more on -> Agni")
