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Mataparīkṣā
''Mata-parīkṣā'' is a Sanskrit-language text by the Christian author John Muir. It criticizes Hinduism, and portrays Christianity as the true faith. It was written in British India in 1839, and revised twice. As suggested by the title ''Mata-parīkṣā'' (Sanskrit for "An Examination of Religions"), Muir portrayed himself as an impartial judge of religions. William Hodge Mill criticized the text for discussing the Christian philosophy in isolation instead of encouraging the readers to get baptized and join the Church. Contents The book is written in form of a dialogue between a student and a teacher. The following is a synopsis of 1839 edition: # Description of God's Attributes (''Īśvara-guṇa-varṇana'') #: The student notes that various religions contradict each other, and therefore, not all of them can be true. The teacher explains that an intelligent person must analyze religions, accept the true one, and reject all others. He then describes the various attribu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mataparīkṣottara
''Mataparīkṣottara'', also called ''Mataparīkṣottaram'', is an 1840 Sanskrit-language text by Harachandra Tarkapanchanan (IAST: Hara-candra Tarka-pañcānana) of Calcutta, British India. It is a Hindu apologist response to the Christian writer John Muir's ''Mataparīkṣā''. Authorship The author, Harachandra, was a Bengali Brahmin from Calcutta. The text suggests that he was not a scholar, but knew a little about the Bible, the history of the Christian church, the Western freethought, and contemporary science. Contents The ''Mataparīkṣottara'' consists of 137 verses in 18 pages, including a 2-page English-language preface. The Sanskrit text is divided into three untitled chapters. The text was printed in Bengali script, which limited its circulation outside Bengal. The title of the text means "An Answer to the Mataparīkṣā" (''Mata-parīkṣā-uttara'') in Sanskrit. It bears the subtitle ''An Answer to a Sketch of the Argument for Christianity and against Hin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subaji Bapu
Subaji Bapu (IAST: Subājī Bāpū) was an early 19th-century Hindu astrologer (''jyotisha'') and astronomer from British India. Under the influence of the British civil servant Lancelot Wilkinson, he gave up his belief in Hindu cosmology, Puranic cosmography in favour of the Copernican heliocentrism, Copernican system. He argued that the Siddhanta (astronomy), Siddhantic cosmography of ancient Indian astrologers was more accurate than the Puranic cosmography, and wrote ''Siddhānta-siromani-prakāsa'' (1836) and ''Avirodha-prakasha'' (1837) to justify his views, amid opposition from the orthodox pandits. Subaji was a Hindu apologetics, Hindu apologist and defended the Indian caste system, caste system in ''Laghu-tamka'' (1839). He is also identified with Somanātha, the author of ''Mata-parīkṣā-śikṣā'', a Hindu response to the Christian writer John Muir (indologist), John Muir's ''Mataparīkṣā''. Career Astrology and astronomy Subaji Bapu was a Marathi language ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mata-parīkṣā-śikṣā
''Mata-parīkṣā-śikṣā'' ("A Lesson for the uthor of theMataparīksā") is an 1839 Sanskrit-language text by Somanātha, apparently a pseudonym for Subaji Bapu of British India. It is a Hindu apologist response to the Christian writer John Muir's ''Mataparīkṣā''. Authorship The author of ''Mata-parīkṣā-śikṣā'' identifies himself as Somanātha. According to an anonymous English-language note on the manuscript of the text, the author was Subaji Bapu, a Marathi-speaking astrologer ('' jyotisha'') of Central India, who enjoyed the patronage of the British civil servant and Orientalist Lancelot Wilkinson. James R. Ballantyne, who wrote the entry for the text in India Office Library and Records (IOLR)'s catalogue of Sanskrit manuscripts, disputes this information. However, several later writers such as Richard F. Young and Stephen Neill believe it to be true, based on a comparison of ''Mata-parīkṣā-śikṣā'' with Subaji's writings. * Somanātha displays fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hindu Apologetics
Apologetics (from Greek ) is the religious discipline of defending religious doctrines through systematic argumentation and discourse. Early Christian writers (c. 120–220) who defended their beliefs against critics and recommended their faith to outsiders were called Christian apologists. In 21st-century usage, ''apologetics'' is often identified with debates over religion and theology. Etymology The term ''apologetics'' derives from the Ancient Greek word (). In the Classical Greek legal system, the prosecution delivered the (), the accusation or charge, and the defendant replied with an ', the defence. The was a formal speech or explanation to reply to and rebut the charges. A famous example is Socrates' Apologia defense, as chronicled in Plato's ''Apology''. In the Koine Greek of the New Testament, the Apostle Paul employs the term ''apologia'' in his trial speech to Festus and Agrippa when he says "I make my defense" in Acts 26:2. A cognate form appears in Paul's Le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agni
Agni ( ) is the Deva (Hinduism), Hindu god of fire. As the Guardians of the directions#Aṣṭa-Dikpāla ("Guardians of Eight Directions"), guardian deity of the southeast direction, he is typically found in southeast corners of Hindu temples. In the Hindu cosmology, classical cosmology of Hinduism, fire (''Agni'') is one of the five inert impermanent elements (''Pancha Bhuta, Pañcabhūtá'') along with sky (''Ākāśa''), water (''Apas''), air (''Vāyu'') and earth (''Pṛthvī''), the five combining to form the empirically perceived material existence (''Prakṛti''). In the Vedas, Agni is a major and most invoked god along with Indra and Soma (deity), Soma. Agni is considered the mouth of the gods and goddesses and the medium that conveys offerings to them in a ''homa (ritual), homa'' (votive ritual). He is conceptualized in ancient Hindu texts to exist at three levels, on earth as fire, in the atmosphere as lightning, and in the sky as the sun. This triple presence accords ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central India Agency
The Central India Agency was created in 1854, by amalgamating the Western Malwa Agency with other smaller political offices which formerly reported to the Governor-General of India. The agency was overseen by a political agent who maintained relations of the Government of India with the princely states and influence over them on behalf of the Governor-General. The headquarters of the agent were at Indore. List of Divisions and Princely States/districts of Agency Bundelkhand Agency : The Bundelkhand Agency was bounded by Bagelkhand to the east, the United Provinces to the north, Lalitpur District to the west, and the Central Provinces to the south. Bagelkhand Agency was separated from Bundelkhand in 1871. In 1900 it included 9 states, the most important of which were Orchha, Panna, Samthar, Charkhari, Chhatarpur, Datia, Bijawar and Ajaigarh. The agency also included 13 estates and the ''pargana'' of Alampur, the latter belonging to Indore State. In 1931, all of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pandit
A pandit (; ; also spelled pundit, pronounced ; abbreviated Pt. or Pdt.) is an individual with specialised knowledge or a teacher of any field of knowledge in Hinduism, particularly the Vedic scriptures, dharma, or Hindu philosophy; in colonial-era literature, the term generally refers to lawyers specialized in Hindu law. Whereas, today the title is used for experts in other subjects, such as music. Pandit entered English as the loanword pundit, referring to a person who offers opinion in an authoritative manner on a particular subject area (typically politics, the social sciences, technology or sport), usually through the mass media. Ustad is the equivalent title for a Muslim man in the musical sense. The equivalent titles for a Hindu woman are Vidushi, Pandita, or Panditain; however, these titles are not currently in widespread use. In Sanskrit, pandit generally refers to any "wise, educated or learned man" with specialized knowledge. The term is derived from ' () which means ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sankhya
Samkhya or Sankhya (; ) is a dualistic orthodox school of Hindu philosophy. It views reality as composed of two independent principles, '' Puruṣa'' ('consciousness' or spirit) and ''Prakṛti'' (nature or matter, including the human mind and emotions). ''Puruṣa'' is the witness-consciousness. It is absolute, independent, free, beyond perception, above any experience by mind or senses, and impossible to describe in words. ''Prakṛti'' is matter or nature. It is inactive, unconscious, and is a balance of the three ''guṇas'' (qualities or innate tendencies), namely ''sattva'', '' rajas'', and '' tamas''. When ''Prakṛti'' comes into contact with ''Purusha'' this balance is disturbed, and ''Prakṛti'' becomes manifest, evolving twenty-three tattvas, namely intellect ('' buddhi'', ''mahat''), I-principle ('' ahamkara''), mind ('' manas''); the five sensory capacities known as ears, skin, eyes, tongue and nose; the five action capacities known as hands (''hasta''), feet ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nyaya
Nyāya (Sanskrit: न्यायः, IAST: nyāyaḥ), literally meaning "justice", "rules", "method" or "judgment", is one of the six orthodox (Āstika) schools of Hindu philosophy. Nyāya's most significant contributions to Indian philosophy were the systematic development of the theory of logic, methodology, and its treatises on epistemology. Nyāya epistemology accepts four out of six ''pramanas'' as reliable means of gaining knowledge – ''pratyakṣa'' (perception), ''anumāṇa'' (inference), ''upamāna'' (comparison and analogy) and ''śabda'' (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts).John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, , page 238DPS Bhawuk (2011), Spirituality and Indian Psychology (Editor: Anthony Marsella), Springer, , page 172Gavin Flood, An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, , page 225 In its metaphysics, Nyāya school is closer to the Vaish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vedanta
''Vedanta'' (; , ), also known as ''Uttara Mīmāṃsā'', is one of the six orthodox (Āstika and nāstika, ''āstika'') traditions of Hindu philosophy and textual exegesis. The word ''Vedanta'' means 'conclusion of the Vedas', and encompasses the ideas that emerged from, or aligned and reinterpreted, the speculations and enumerations contained in the Upanishads, focusing, with varying emphasis, on devotion, knowledge and liberation. Vedanta developed into many traditions, all of which give their specific interpretations of a common group of texts called the ''Prasthanatrayi, Prasthānatrayī'', translated as 'the three sources': the ''Upanishads'', the ''Brahma Sutras'', and the ''Bhagavad Gita''. All Vedanta traditions are exegetical in nature, but also contain extensive discussions on ontology, soteriology, and epistemology, even as there is much disagreement among the various traditions. Independently considered, they may seem completely disparate due to the pronounced ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
