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Lielvārde Castle
Lielvārde Castle (Lielvārde bishop's castle) is a castle in Lielvārde, a town in Ogre Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia.The castle was built at the steep bank of Daugava River, overseeing this important medieval waterway, before 1248 by Albert of Buxthoeven, an archbishop of Riga. During the Livonian War, Lielvārde Castle was destroyed by Russian troops in 1579. Its ruins are conserved up to the level of the second floor. History In the course of the missionary work in Livonia and the associated construction of fortifications, knight Daniel von Banerow was granted the Lennewarden (Lielvārde) District by Albert of Buxthoeven in 1201. The ancient wooden defense systems of the on the castle hill Livukalns located here were constantly expanded and the livs elder of the castle district continued to rule it. During the , the Crusaders burned the Liv's wooden castle. In 1213, Lithuanian mercenaries captured the elder of Lielvārde castle , but Order of the Sword ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dolomite (rock)
Dolomite (also known as dolomite rock, dolostone or dolomitic rock) is a sedimentary carbonate rock that contains a high percentage of the mineral dolomite, CaMg(CO3)2. It occurs widely, often in association with limestone and evaporites, though it is less abundant than limestone and rare in Cenozoic rock beds (beds less than about 66 million years in age). The first geologist to distinguish dolomite rock from limestone was Belsazar Hacquet in 1778. Most dolomite was formed as a magnesium replacement of limestone or of lime mud before lithification. The geological process of conversion of calcite to dolomite is known as dolomitization and any intermediate product is known as dolomitic limestone. The "dolomite problem" refers to the vast worldwide depositions of dolomite in the past geologic record in contrast to the limited amounts of dolomite formed in modern times. Recent research has revealed sulfate-reducing bacteria living in anoxic conditions precipitate dolomite which ind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bernardine Cistercians Of Esquermes
The Bernardine Cistercians of Esquermes are a small branch of the Cistercian Order. They follow the Rule of St Benedict, and co-operate with the apostolic mission of the Catholic Church through educational activities and hospitality. There are eight monasteries of nuns in six countries, united by a central Government. History The Cistercian Order In the 11th century, three Benedictine monks, SsRobert of Molesme, Alberic and Stephen Harding, sought to follow the Rule of St. Benedict in all its fulness. Along with a group of other monks who shared this vision of simplicity, austerity and fraternal life, they went to Cîteaux in Burgundy, where the "New Monastery" was established in March 1098. They became known as Cistercians. The new monastery struggled at first, but in 1112, Bernard of Clairvaux arrived with 30 of his male relatives and friends. Their arrival was to give Citeaux new life and energy. Soon the monastery grew so much that new foundations were made, including Clair ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Castles In Latvia
This is the List of castles in Latvia, which includes fortified residences of Western European conquerors built in the area of present-day Latvia before the 17th century. There are about 140 medieval castles in the area, therefore this list is not complete. After the name of the castle comes the year of construction and a short description of its present-day condition. Table of contents Courland Zemgale Vidzeme Latgale See also *List of castles *List of castles in Estonia *List of palaces and manor houses in Estonia *List of palaces and manor houses in Latvia * List of hillforts in Latvia *List of castles in Lithuania Additional information References Sources * * External links Ambermarks - Medieval castles of Latvia - list {{List of castles in Europe * Latvia Cas Lists of castles by country Castles A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders. Scholars debate the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Castles In Latvia
This is the List of castles in Latvia, which includes fortified residences of Western European conquerors built in the area of present-day Latvia before the 17th century. There are about 140 medieval castles in the area, therefore this list is not complete. After the name of the castle comes the year of construction and a short description of its present-day condition. Table of contents Courland Zemgale Vidzeme Latgale See also *List of castles *List of castles in Estonia *List of palaces and manor houses in Estonia *List of palaces and manor houses in Latvia * List of hillforts in Latvia *List of castles in Lithuania Additional information References Sources * * External links Ambermarks - Medieval castles of Latvia - list {{List of castles in Europe * Latvia Cas Lists of castles by country Castles A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders. Scholars debate the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1556
__NOTOC__ Year 1556 ( MDLVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–June * January 16 – Charles V, having already abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor, resigns the Kingdom of Spain in favour of his son, Philip II, and retires to a monastery. * January 23 – The Shaanxi earthquake, the deadliest earthquake in history, occurs with its epicenter in Shaanxi province, China; 830,000 people may have been killed. * February 5 – Truce of Vaucelles: Fighting temporarily ends between France and Spain. * February 14 ** Akbar the Great ascends the throne of the Mughal Empire at age 13; he will rule until his death in 1605, by which time most of the north and centre of the Indian subcontinent will be under his control. ** Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer is declared a heretic. * February 22 ''(approx.)'' – Sophia Jagiellon marries Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. * March ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1391
Year 1391 ( MCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * June 6 – Massacre of 1391: Anti-Jewish pogroms erupt in Seville, Spain. Many thousands of Jews are massacred, and the violence spreads throughout Spain and Portugal, especially to Toledo, Barcelona and Mallorca. This event marks a turning-point in the history of the Spanish Jews, with most of the survivors leaving the Iberian Peninsula or being forced to convert. * July 18 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war: Battle of the Kondurcha River – Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde, in present day southeast Russia. Date unknown * Manuel II Palaiologos becomes Byzantine emperor after his father, John V Palaiologos, dies of a nervous breakdown, due to his continued humiliation by the Ottoman Empire. * Yusuf II succeeds Muhammed V, as Nasrid Sultan of Granada (now southern Spain). * Stephen Dabiša succeeds Steph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1372
Year 1372 ( MCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * May – Owain Lawgoch makes a second attempt to take the throne of Wales, sailing with French support from Harfleur. Whilst attacking the island of Guernsey, he abandons the invasion in order to fight for France at La Rochelle. * June 22 – Battle of La Rochelle: The French and the Castilians defeat the English. The Castilians gain control of the English Channel for the first time since 1340. * July 10 – The Treaty of Tagilde is signed between Ferdinand I of Portugal and representatives of John of Gaunt of England, marking the beginning of the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, which remains in effect into the 21st century. * November 9 – Trần Duệ Tông succeeds his brother Trần Nghệ Tông as King of Vietnam. Date unknown * Encounter of Sintra: Twenty Portuguese knights rout four hundred Castili ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Koknese Castle
Koknese Castle ( lv, Kokneses pils, german: Burg Kokenhusen) is a complex in Koknese, Latvia, dating from the 13th century. The castle was situated on a high bluff overlooking the Daugava river valley. In 1965 a hydroelectric dam was built downriver, creating a reservoir that partially submerged the castle and flooded the surrounding valley. History Before the arrival of the Teutonic Knights, Koknese was the site of a wooden hill fort inhabited by the Balts. In 1209 Bishop Albert of Riga ordered the construction of a stone castle at the site, naming it ''Kokenhusen''. For the first 50 years of its existence, Koknese was solely used as a defensive fort, but by 1277, Koknese had enough population to receive city rights. Koknese also became a member of the Hanseatic League thanks to its strategic location on the Daugava trade route. The castle was heavily contested between Polish, Swedish and Russian forces in the 16th and 17th centuries. It changed hands many times, while the native ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First World War
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war. Prior to 1914, the European great powers were divided between the Triple Entente (comprising France, Russia, and Britain) and the Triple Alliance (containing Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy). Tensions in the Balkans came to a head on 28 June 1914, following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wilhelm Bockslaff
Wilhelm Ludwig Nikolai Bockslaff ( lv, Vilhelms Ludvigs Nikolajs Bokslafs, russian: Вильгельм Людвиг Николай Бокслаф; , Riga – 9 March 1945, Poznań) was a Baltic German architect working in Riga. He is considered one of the most important representatives of Eclecticism, Neo-Gothic and Art Nouveau styles in the city. He is noted in particular for his construction of churches. Biography Wilhelm Bockslaff was born in Riga on 12 October 1858. His father was the wealthy merchant and industrialist Nicholas Ludwig Bockslaff. In 1878 he started architecture studies in Riga Polytechnicum and graduated in 1885. After graduation, he stayed in the polytechnikum to work as an assistant. He also worked in the offices of architects Johann Koch and Heinrich Scheel. Later he established his own architects office. In this period he studied the history of St. Peter's church in Riga and other medieval buildings in the city. In 1894 he married Eva Riker. Bockslaff ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johann Christoph Brotze
Johann Christoph Brotze ( lv, Johans Kristofs Broce) (1 September 1742 – 4 August 1823) was a German pedagogue, artist and ethnographer. Biography Brotze was born in Görlitz, Electorate of Saxony. He studied theology and philosophy at the universities of Leipzig and Wittenberg, and was also skilled at technical drawing. He went to Riga in Livonia in 1768 and spent the next 46 years as a teacher at the Riga Imperial Lyceum. During that period he collected historical data and depicted in drawings and paintings everything he saw around him in his everyday life, as well as most buildings and monuments of significance in Livonia, supplemented with extensive descriptions. Today his works are considered an extremely valuable source of information for historians. Works *''Zeichnungen und deren Beschreibungen'' Books * ''Sammlung verschiedener Liefländischer Monumente, Prospecte, Münzen, Wappen, etc.'' Gallery File:Riga 1650.jpg, Panorama of Riga in 1650 File:Johann Christoph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Swedish Livonia
Swedish Livonia ( sv, Svenska Livland) was a dominion of the Swedish Empire from 1629 until 1721. The territory, which constituted the southern part of modern Estonia (including the island of Ösel ceded by Denmark after the Treaty of Brömsebro) and the northern part of modern Latvia (the Vidzeme region), represented the conquest of the major part of the Polish-Lithuanian Duchy of Livonia during the 1600–1629 Polish-Swedish War. Parts of Livonia and the city of Riga were under Swedish control as early as 1621 and the situation was formalized in the Truce of Altmark 1629, but the whole territory was not ceded formally until the Treaty of Oliva in 1660. The minority part of the Wenden Voivodeship retained by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was renamed the Inflanty Voivodeship ("''Livonian Principality''"), which today corresponds to the Latgale region of Latvia. Riga was the second largest city in the Swedish Empire at the time. Together with other Baltic Sea dominions, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
