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Löwenstein–Jensen Medium
Löwenstein–Jensen medium, more commonly known as LJ medium, is a growth medium specially used for culture of '' Mycobacterium'' species, notably '' Mycobacterium tuberculosis''. When grown on LJ medium, ''M. tuberculosis'' appears as brown, granular colonies (sometimes called "buff, rough and tough"). The medium must be incubated for a significant length of time, usually four weeks, due to the slow doubling time of ''M. tuberculosis'' (15–20 hours) compared with other bacteria. The medium is named after the Austrian pathologist Ernst Löwenstein (1878–1950) and the Danish medical doctor Kai Adolf Jensen (16.7.1894-2.5.1971). Composition The usual composition as applicable to ''M. tuberculosis'' is: * Malachite green * Glycerol * Asparagine * Potato starch * Coagulated eggs * Mineral salt solution ** Potassium dihydrogen phosphate ** Magnesium sulfate ** Sodium citrate The original formulation included starch, which was later found to be unnecessary, so omitted. Lo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microbiological Culture
A microbiological culture, or microbial culture, is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture medium under controlled laboratory conditions. Microbial cultures are foundational and basic diagnostic methods used as a research tool in molecular biology. The term ''culture'' can also refer to the microorganisms being grown. Microbial cultures are used to determine the type of organism, its abundance in the sample being tested, or both. It is one of the primary diagnostic methods of microbiology and used as a tool to determine the cause of infectious disease by letting the agent multiply in a predetermined medium. For example, a throat culture is taken by scraping the lining of tissue in the back of the throat and blotting the sample into a medium to be able to screen for harmful microorganisms, such as ''Streptococcus pyogenes'', the causative agent of strep throat. Furthermore, the term culture is more generally used informally ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gram-negative Bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner cytoplasmic cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane. Gram-negative bacteria are found in virtually all environments on Earth that support life. The gram-negative bacteria include the model organism ''Escherichia coli'', as well as many pathogenic bacteria, such as ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', '' Chlamydia trachomatis'', and ''Yersinia pestis''. They are a significant medical challenge as their outer membrane protects them from many antibiotics (including penicillin), detergents that would normally damage the inner cell membrane, and lysozyme, an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system. Additionally, the outer leaflet of this membrane comprises a complex lipopol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tuberculosis Diagnosis
Tuberculosis is diagnosed by finding ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' bacteria in a clinical specimen taken from the patient. While other investigations may strongly suggest tuberculosis as the diagnosis, they cannot confirm it. A complete medical evaluation for tuberculosis (TB) must include a medical history, a physical examination, a chest X-ray and microbiological examination (of sputum or some other appropriate sample). It may also include a tuberculin skin test, other scans and X-rays, surgical biopsy. Medical history The medical history includes obtaining the symptoms of pulmonary TB: productive, prolonged cough of three or more weeks, chest pain, and hemoptysis. Systemic symptoms include low grade remittent fever, chills, night sweats, appetite loss, weight loss, easy fatiguability, and production of sputum that starts out mucoid but changes to purulent.Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N. (2007). ''Robbins Basic Pathology'' (8th ed.). Saun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by '' Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis. Around 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kill about half of those affected. Typical symptoms of active TB are chronic cough with blood-containing mucus, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. It was historically referred to as consumption due to the weight loss associated with the disease. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms. Tuberculosis is spread from one person to the next through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze. People with Latent TB do not spread the disease. Active infection occurs more often in people with HIV/AIDS and in those who smoke. Diagnosis of active TB is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kinyoun Stain
The Kinyoun method or Kinyoun stain (cold method), developed by Joseph J. Kinyoun, is a procedure used to stain acid-fast species of the bacterial genus ''Mycobacterium''. It is a variation of a method developed by Robert Koch in 1882. Certain species of bacteria have a waxy lipid called mycolic acid, in their cell walls which allow them to be stained with Acid-Fast better than a Gram-Stain. The unique ability of mycobacteria to resist decolorization by acid-alcohol is why they are termed acid-fast. It involves the application of a primary stain (basic fuchsin), a decolorizer (acid-alcohol), and a counterstain (methylene blue). Unlike the Ziehl–Neelsen stain Ziehl–Neelsen staining is a type of acid-fast stain, first introduced by Paul Ehrlich. Ziehl–Neelsen staining is a bacteriological stain used to identify acid-fast organisms, mainly Mycobacteria. It is named for two German doctors who modif ... (Z-N stain), the Kinyoun method of staining does not require he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a single-tube technique for the amplification of DNA and a low-cost alternative to detect certain diseases. Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) combines LAMP with a reverse transcription step to allow the detection of RNA. LAMP is an isothermal nucleic acid amplification technique. In contrast to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, in which the reaction is carried out with a series of alternating temperature steps or cycles, isothermal amplification is carried out at a constant temperature, and does not require a thermal cycler. Technique In LAMP, the target sequence is amplified at a constant temperature of 60–65 °C (140-149 °F) using either two or three sets of primers and a polymerase with high strand displacement activity in addition to a replication activity. Typically, 4 different primers are used to amplify 6 distinct regions on the target gene, which increases ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GeneXpert MTB/RIF
The Xpert MTB/RIF is a cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) for simultaneous rapid tuberculosis diagnosis and rapid antibiotic sensitivity test. It is an automated diagnostic test that can identify ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) DNA and resistance to rifampicin (RIF). It was co-developed by the laboratory of Professor David Alland at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ),3 million Xpert MTB/RIF cartridges had been procured in 88 of the 145 countries under concessional pricing. Using for COVID-19 testing In August 2020, Vietnam Ministry of Health had approved the use of GeneXpert, that has been used in Vietnam tuberculosis prevention network since 2012, for COVID-19 testing. According to Nguyen Viet Nhung, director of the National Lung Hospital in Hanoi, the test is similar to RT-PCR, gives accurate results within 35–45 minutes for both COVID-19 and tuberculosis, and could work automatically. It is also used for COVID-19 testing a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polymerase Chain Reaction
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies (complete or partial) of a specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it (or a part of it) to a large enough amount to study in detail. PCR was invented in 1983 by the American biochemist Kary Mullis at Cetus Corporation; Mullis and biochemist Michael Smith (chemist), Michael Smith, who had developed other essential ways of manipulating DNA, were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993. PCR is fundamental to many of the procedures used in genetic testing and research, including analysis of Ancient DNA, ancient samples of DNA and identification of infectious agents. Using PCR, copies of very small amounts of DNA sequences are exponentially amplified in a series of cycles of temperature changes. PCR is now a common and often indispensable technique used in medical laboratory research for a broad variety of applications ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middlebrook 7H9 Broth
Middlebrook 7H9 broth is a liquid growth medium specially used for culture of'' Mycobacterium'' species, notably '' Mycobacterium tuberculosis''. Composition * Ammonium sulfate * L-Glutamic acid * Sodium citrate * Pyridoxine * Biotin * Disodium phosphate * Monopotassium phosphate * Ferric ammonium citrate * Magnesium sulfate * Calcium chloride * Zinc sulfate * Copper Sulfate Middlebrook 7H9 broth supports the growth of mycobacterial species when supplemented with nutrients such as glycerol, oleic acid, albumin, and dextrose, except for ''Mycobacterium bovis'', which is inhibited by glycerol. Cultures should be read within 5–7 days after inoculation and once a week thereafter for up to 8 weeks. Middlebrook broth is commonly used in the preparation of inocula for antimicrobial assays, biochemical tests (arylsufatase and tellurite reduction), and maintenance of stock strains. Additionally, 7H9 broth is used as a medium in the mycobacteria growth indicator tube. See also * Lowe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middlebrook 7H11 Agar
Middlebrook 7H11 agar is identical to Middlebrook 7H10 agar, with an addition of pancreatic digest of casein to facilitate the growth of fastidious cultures of '' M. tuberculosis''. Mycobactin J may also be added to Middlebrook 7H11 agar to allow the recovery of '' M. genavense''. See also * Lowenstein-Jensen medium * Middlebrook 7H9 broth Middlebrook 7H9 broth is a liquid growth medium specially used for culture of'' Mycobacterium'' species, notably '' Mycobacterium tuberculosis''. Composition * Ammonium sulfate * L-Glutamic acid * Sodium citrate * Pyridoxine * Biotin * Disodium ph ... References External links Middlebrook 7H11 Agar {{DEFAULTSORT:Middlebrook 7h11 Agar Microbiological media ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middlebrook 7H10 Agar
Middlebrook 7H10 Agar is a solid growth medium specially used for culture of ''Mycobacterium'', notably ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''. It has been reported that the 7H10 medium tends to grow fewer contaminants than the egg-based media commonly used for the cultivation of mycobacteria. Composition Ingredients (g/L) * Ammonium sulfate, 0.50 * Monopotassium phosphate, 1.50 * Disodium phosphate, 1.50 * Sodium citrate, 0.40 * Magnesium sulfate, 0.025 * Zinc sulfate, 0.001 * Copper sulfate, 0.001 * L-Glutamic acid, 0.50 * Ferric ammonium citrate, 0.04 * Pyridoxine hydrochloride, 0.001 * Biotin, 0.0005 * Malachite green, 0.00025 * Agar, 15.00 * Calcium chloride, 0.0005 Cultures should be read within 5–7 days after inoculation and once a week thereafter for up to 8 weeks. See also * Lowenstein-Jensen medium * Middlebrook 7H9 Broth Middlebrook 7H9 broth is a liquid growth medium specially used for culture of'' Mycobacterium'' species, notably '' Mycobacterium tuberculosis''. Compo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TB Culture
TB or Tb may refer to: Science and technology Computing * Terabyte (TB), a unit of information (often measuring storage capacity) * Terabit (Tb), a unit of information (often measuring data transfer) * Thunderbolt (interface) * Test bench Vehicles * T.B. (Thompson Brothers), a three-wheeled cyclecar manufactured by Thompson Brothers of Bilston, England, from 1919 until 1924 * Torpedo boat, a relatively small and fast naval vessel designed to carry torpedoes into battle * Boeing TB, an American torpedo bomber biplane designed by the US Navy and built by Boeing in 1927 Other uses in science and technology * Terbium, symbol Tb, a chemical element * Terrific broth, a bacterial growth medium for ''E. coli'' * Tuberculosis (TB), a chronic infectious disease ** ''Tubercle bacillus'', another name for ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'', the pathogen causing tuberculosis. * Brightness temperature (Tb), in astrophysics Sports * TB Tvøroyri (Tvøroyrar Bóltfelag), a Faroese football club fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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