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Lungworm
Lungworms are parasitic nematode worms of the order Strongylida that infest the lungs of vertebrates. The name is used for a variety of different groups of nematodes, some of which also have other common names; what they have in common is that they migrate to their hosts' lungs or respiratory tracts, and cause bronchitis or pneumonia. The lungworm will gradually damage the airways or lung tissue by inciting an inflammatory reaction inside the tissue. Ultimately, the parasites survive and reproduce in the respiratory tissues. The category is thus more a descriptive than a precisely taxonomic one. The most common lungworms belong to one of two groups, the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea or the superfamily Metastrongyloidea, but not all the species in these superfamilies are lungworms. The lungworms in the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea include several species in the genus ''Dictyocaulus'' which infest hoofed animals, including most common domestic species. Different species a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dictyocaulus Filaria
''Dictyocaulus'' is a genus of nematode parasites of the bronchial tree of horses, sheep, goats, deer, and cattle. ''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi'' is the lungworm of horses, and ''Dictyocaulus viviparus'' is the lungworm affecting ruminants. ''Dictyocaulus viviparus'': lungworm of cattle, deer ''Dictyocaulus viviparus'' is the most common lungworm of cattle; the infection is also known as ''husk'' or '' parasitic bronchitis''. Although classified as the same parasite, some people believe that the ''D. viviparus'' of deer and elk should be reclassified as a different species, including ''D. eckertii'' in New Zealand. However, both species have been shown capable of cross-infecting cattle and cervids (at least in New Zealand) . The parasite has a simple but interesting life cycle, with dispersal facilitated by a fungus. Adult ''D. viviparus'' worms reside in the bronchial tree of the animal's lungs. They lay eggs into the airways (bronchi). These eggs are coughed up and subsequ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dictyocaulus
''Dictyocaulus'' is a genus of nematode parasites of the bronchial tree of horses, sheep, goats, deer, and cattle. ''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi'' is the lungworm of horses, and ''Dictyocaulus viviparus'' is the lungworm affecting ruminants. ''Dictyocaulus viviparus'': lungworm of cattle, deer ''Dictyocaulus viviparus'' is the most common lungworm of cattle; the infection is also known as ''husk'' or '' parasitic bronchitis''. Although classified as the same parasite, some people believe that the ''D. viviparus'' of deer and elk should be reclassified as a different species, including ''D. eckertii'' in New Zealand. However, both species have been shown capable of cross-infecting cattle and cervids (at least in New Zealand) . The parasite has a simple but interesting life cycle, with dispersal facilitated by a fungus. Adult ''D. viviparus'' worms reside in the bronchial tree of the animal's lungs. They lay eggs into the airways (bronchi). These eggs are coughed up and subsequ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dictyocaulus Arnfeldi
''Dictyocaulus'' is a genus of nematode parasites of the bronchial tree of horses, sheep, goats, deer, and cattle. ''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi'' is the lungworm of horses, and ''Dictyocaulus viviparus'' is the lungworm affecting ruminants. ''Dictyocaulus viviparus'': lungworm of cattle, deer ''Dictyocaulus viviparus'' is the most common lungworm of cattle; the infection is also known as ''husk'' or ''parasitic bronchitis''. Although classified as the same parasite, some people believe that the ''D. viviparus'' of deer and elk should be reclassified as a different species, including ''D. eckertii'' in New Zealand. However, both species have been shown capable of cross-infecting cattle and cervids (at least in New Zealand) . The parasite has a simple but interesting life cycle, with dispersal facilitated by a fungus. Adult ''D. viviparus'' worms reside in the bronchial tree of the animal's lungs. They lay eggs into the airways (bronchi). These eggs are coughed up and subseque ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dictyocaulus Viviparus
''Dictyocaulus viviparus'' is a species of nematodes belonging to the family Dictyocaulidae. The species has cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography, cosmopolitan distribution is the term for the range of a taxon that extends across all or most of the world in appropriate habitats. Such a taxon, usually a species, is said to exhibit cosmopolitanism or cosmopolitism. The ext .... It is parasitic, and has the common name of the bovine lungworm due to its negative impact on cattle. References Strongylida Nematodes described in 1782 Parasitic nematodes of mammals {{Rhabditida-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metastrongylus
''Metastrongylus'' is a genus of nematodes of the family Metastrongylidae, usually found as lungworms in pigs and sometimes causing parasitic bronchitis. It causes a disease called metastrongylosis. Species *'' Metastrongylus elongatus'' (Dujardin, 1845) synonym '' Metastrongylus apri'' (Gmelin, 1780) *'' Metastrongylus pudendotectus'' (Wostokow, 1905) *'' Metastrongylus salmi'' (Gedoelst, 1823) *'' Metastrongylus confusus'' (Jansen, 1964) *'' Metastrongylus asymmetricus'' (Noda, 1973) Life cycle The lifecycle is indirect. The eggs are laid by the adult worm in the bronchi. They are coughed up, swallowed, and passed out via the feces. The eggs are then eaten by earthworms in which they develop through three larval stages over 10 days to become infective. The cycle is completed by the pig eating the earthworm. Infection, therefore, only occurs where pigs have access to earthworms, for example, in outdoor production. The larvae from the earthworm penetrate the intestine and m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Direct Life-cycle
In biology, a biological life cycle (or just life cycle or lifecycle when the biological context is clear) is a series of changes in form that an organism undergoes, returning to the starting state. "The concept is closely related to those of the life history, development and ontogeny, but differs from them in stressing renewal." Transitions of form may involve growth, asexual reproduction, or sexual reproduction. In some organisms, different "generations" of the species succeed each other during the life cycle. For plants and many algae, there are two multicellular stages, and the life cycle is referred to as alternation of generations. The term life history is often used, particularly for organisms such as the red algae which have three multicellular stages (or more), rather than two.Dixon, P.S. 1973. ''Biology of the Rhodophyta.'' Oliver & Boyd. Life cycles that include sexual reproduction involve alternating haploid (''n'') and diploid (2''n'') stages, i.e., a change of ploid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moxidectin
Moxidectin is an anthelmintic drug used in animals to prevent or control parasitic worms (helminths), such as heartworm and intestinal worms, in dogs, cats, horses, cattle and sheep. Moxidectin kills some of the most common internal and external parasites by selectively binding to a parasite's glutamate-gated chloride ion channels. These channels are vital to the function of invertebrate nerve and muscle cells; when moxidectin binds to the channels, it disrupts neurotransmission, resulting in paralysis and death of the parasite. Medical uses Moxidectin was approved for onchocerciasis (river-blindness) in 2018 for people over the age of 11 in the United States based on two studies. There is a need for additional trials, with long-term follow-up, to assess whether moxidectin is safe and effective for treatment of nematode infection in children and women of childbearing potential. Moxidectin is predicted to be helpful to achieve elimination goals of this disease. * Dogs: Prevention ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Strongylida
The Strongylida suborder includes many of the important nematodes found in the gastrointestinal tracts of ruminants, horses, and swine, as well as the lungworms of ruminants and the hookworms of dogs and cats. Taxonomy This suborder includes (superfamily - included families): *Ancylostomatoidea ** Ancylostomatidae * Diaphanocephaloidea **Diaphanocephalidae * Heligmosomoidea ** Heligmosomidae * Metastrongyloidea **Angiostrongylidae **Crenosomatidae **Filaroididae **Metastrongylidae **Protostrongylidae **Pseudaliidae ** Syngamidae * Molineoidea ** Molineidae * Strongyloidea **Chabertiidae **Cloacinidae ** Deletrocephalidae ** Stephanuridae **Strongylidae *Trichostrongyloidea ** Amidostomatidae **Cooperiidae ** Dictyocaulidae ** Dromaeostrongylidae ** Haemonchidae ** Heligmonellidae **Heligmosomatidae ** Herpetostrongylidae ** Mackerrasrtongylidae ** Nicollinidae **Trichostrongylidae Major superfamilies Diaphanocephaloidea These are parasites of the digestive tracts of terrestr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fenbendazole
Fenbendazole is a broad spectrum benzimidazole anthelmintic used against gastrointestinal parasites including: giardia, roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, the tapeworm genus '' Taenia'' (but not effective against ''Dipylidium caninum'', a common dog tapeworm), pinworms, aelurostrongylus, paragonimiasis, strongyles, and strongyloides that can be administered to sheep, cattle, horses, fish, dogs, cats, rabbits, most reptiles, freshwater shrimp tanks as planaria and hydra treatments, as well as seals. Drug interactions Drug interactions may occur if salicylanilides such as dibromsalan and niclosamide are co-administered. Abortions in cattle and death in sheep have been reported after using these medications together. Abortions in domestic ruminants have been associated with concurrent use of anti-trematode therapeutic agents. Toxicity Fenbendazole is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in most species. The in laboratory animals exceeds 10 g/kg when administered ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prednisone
Prednisone is a glucocorticoid medication mostly used to immunosuppressive drug, suppress the immune system and decrease inflammation in conditions such as asthma, COPD, and rheumatologic diseases. It is also used to treat high blood calcium due to cancer and adrenal insufficiency along with other steroids. It is taken Oral administration, by mouth. Common side effects with long-term use include cataracts, Osteoporosis, bone loss, easy bruising, muscle weakness, and oral candidiasis, thrush. Other side effects include weight gain, swelling, high blood sugar, increased risk of infection, and psychosis. It is generally considered safe in pregnancy and low doses appear to be safe when breastfeeding. After prolonged use, prednisone needs to be stopped gradually. Prednisone is a prodrug and must be converted to prednisolone by the liver before it becomes active. Prednisolone then binds to glucocorticoid receptors, activating them and triggering changes in gene expression. Pred ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Novel
A novel is a relatively long work of narrative fiction, typically written in prose and published as a book. The present English word for a long work of prose fiction derives from the for "new", "news", or "short story of something new", itself from the la, novella, a singular noun use of the neuter plural of ''novellus'', diminutive of ''novus'', meaning "new". Some novelists, including Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Ann Radcliffe, John Cowper Powys, preferred the term "romance" to describe their novels. According to Margaret Doody, the novel has "a continuous and comprehensive history of about two thousand years", with its origins in the Ancient Greek and Roman novel, in Chivalric romance, and in the tradition of the Italian renaissance novella.Margaret Anne Doody''The True Story of the Novel'' New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996, rept. 1997, p. 1. Retrieved 25 April 2014. The ancient romance form was revived by Romanticism, especially the histori ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Independent People
''Independent People: An Epic'' ( is, Sjálfstætt fólk) is an novel by Nobel laureate Halldór Laxness, originally published in two volumes in 1934 and 1935; literally the title means "Self-standing .e. self-reliantfolk". It deals with the struggle of poor Icelandic farmers in the early 20th century, only freed from debt bondage in the last generation, and surviving on isolated crofts in an inhospitable landscape. The novel is considered among the foremost examples of social realism in Icelandic fiction in the 1930s. It is an indictment of materialism, the cost of the ''self-reliant spirit'' to relationships, and capitalism itself. This book, along with several other major novels, helped Laxness win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1955. Plot summary ''Independent People'' is the story of the sheep farmer Guðbjartur Jónsson, generally known in the novel as Bjartur of Summerhouses, and his struggle for independence. The "first chapter summons up the days when the world was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
