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Lukman Hakim
Lukman Hakim (6 June 1914 – 20 August 1966) was an Indonesian politician who served as Minister of Finance between 1948 and 1950, serving under both the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Republic of Indonesia during the United States of Indonesia period. He was also the Governor of Bank Indonesia between 1958–1959, and the Ambassador to West Germany between 1961 until his death in 1966. Early life and education Lukman Hakim was born in Tuban, East Java on 14 October 1914. His father, Abdoellah Koestoer, originated from Surakarta while his mother was from Tuban. Hakim received his early education in Tuban, Surakarta, and then Yogyakarta, before moving to Batavia. He obtained a degree in law there by 1941. During his studies, he joined nationalist youth organizations such as ''Indonesia Muda'', for which he chaired the Jakarta branch, and later the Indonesian Students' Association. Career During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, Hakim work ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Ministers Of Finance (Indonesia)
The Minister of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: ''Menteri Keuangan'') is the head of the Indonesian Ministry of Finance. The minister is tasked with organizing government affairs in the field of state finances to assist the President in administering state government. The current Minister of Finance is Sri Mulyani Indrawati, who has served in the position since 27 July 2016. The minister is supported by the a Deputy Ministers of Finance, Suahasil Nazara. List of ministers The following are a list of persons and politicians who have been appointed as the Minister of Finance in Indonesia.Legend: Notes References See also * Cabinet of Indonesia * Ministry of Finance A ministry of finance is a part of the government in most countries that is responsible for matters related to the finance. Lists of current ministries of finance Named "Ministry" * Ministry of Finance (Afghanistan) * Ministry of Finance and Ec ... {{List of ministers of Indonesia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japanese Occupation Of The Dutch East Indies
The Empire of Japan occupied the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of the war in September 1945. It was one of the most crucial and important periods in modern Indonesian history. In May 1940, Germany occupied the Netherlands, and martial law was declared in the Dutch East Indies. Following the failure of negotiations between the Dutch authorities and the Japanese, Japanese assets in the archipelago were frozen. The Dutch declared war on Japan following the 7 December 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies began on 10 January 1942, and the Imperial Japanese Army overran the entire colony in less than three months. The Dutch surrendered on 8 March. Initially, most Indonesians welcomed the Japanese as liberators from their Dutch colonial masters. The sentiment changed, however, as between 4 and 10 million Indonesians were recruited as forced labourers ('' romusha'') on economic deve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Masyumi
The Council of Indonesian Muslim Associations ( id, Partai Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia), better known as the Masyumi Party, was a major Islamic political party in Indonesia during the Liberal Democracy Era in Indonesia. It was banned in 1960 by President Sukarno for supporting the PRRI rebellion. Background In 1909, a trade organization called the Islamic Trading Association ( id, Sarekat Dagang Islam) was established in Java, then part of the Dutch East Indies to protect the interests of batik traders in the face of competition from ethnic Chinese merchants. In 1912, this became the Sarekat Islam (Islamic Union), and was headed by western-educated Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto. Although it began as a non-political organization, it began to speak out against injustice and poverty. By 1918, it had 450,000 members. Communist influence within it grew, but so did that of the reformist Islamic Muhammadiyah organization, which was anti-communist. In 1920, Muhammadiyah merged into S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bank Indonesia
Bank Indonesia (BI) is the central bank of the Republic of Indonesia. It replaced in 1953 the Bank of Java ( nl, De Javasche Bank, DJB), which had been created in 1828 to serve the financial needs of the Dutch East Indies. History Bank of Java King William I of the Netherlands granted the right to create a private bank in the Indies in 1826, which was named . It was founded on 24 January 1828 and later became the bank of issue of the Dutch East Indies. The bank regulated and issued the Netherlands Indies gulden. In 1881, an office of the Bank of Java was opened in Amsterdam. Later followed the opening of an office in New York. By 1930 the bank owned sixteen office branches in the Dutch East Indies: Bandung, Cirebon, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Surabaya, Malang, Kediri, Banda Aceh, Medan, Padang, Palembang, Banjarmasin, Pontianak, Makassar, and Manado. The Bank of Java was operated as a private bank and individuals as well as industries etc. could get help in the bank ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Hatta Cabinet
The second Hatta Cabinet ( id, Kabinet Hatta Kedua) was Indonesia's ninth cabinet. It was formed after the Indonesian leadership, which had been imprisoned by Dutch forces, returned to the capital, Yogyakarta. It served from 4 August to 14 December 1949. Composition Cabinet Leadership *Prime Minister: Mohammad Hatta *Deputy Prime Minister: Sjafroedin Prawirnegara (Masyumi Party) Departmental Ministers * State Coordinating Minister for Domestic Security: Sultan Hamengkubuwana IX *Minister of Foreign Affairs: Agus Salim *Minister of Home Affairs: Wongsonegoro (PIR) *Minister of Justice: Soesanto Tirtoprodjo (PNI) *Minister of Finance: Lukman Hakim (Indonesian National Party – PNI) *Minister of Welfare: Ignatius J. Kasimo (PKRI) *Minister of Supply of People's Provisions: Ignatius J. Kasimo (PKRI) *Minister of Education & Culture: S. Mangunsarkoro (PNI) *Minister of Health ''ad interim'': Dr. Surono *Minister of Public Works: Herling Laoh (PNI) *Minister of Transportat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stereotype (printing)
In printing, a stereotype, stereoplate or simply a stereo, is a solid plate of type metal, cast from a papier-mâché or plaster mould taken from the surface of a forme of type. The mould was known as a ''flong''. Background In the days of set movable type, printing involved placing individual letters (called type) plus other elements (including leading and furniture) into a block called a chase. Cumulatively, this full setup for printing a single page was called a forme. Ink was then applied to the forme, pressed against paper and a printed page was made. This process of creating formes was labour-intensive, costly and prevented printers from using their type, leading, furniture and chases for other work. Furthermore, printers who underestimated demand would be forced to reset the type for subsequent print runs. ... while Nathaniel Hawthorne's publishers assumed that ''The Scarlet Letter'' (1850) would do well, printing an uncharacteristically large edition of 2,500 copies, p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muara Bungo
Muara Bungo is a town in the Indonesian province of Jambi, Sumatra. It is the capital of Bungo Regency, a regency (''kabupaten'') in Sumatra. It had a population of 21,243 as of the 2020 census.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. Geography Waterways The Benit river runs through Muara Bungo, and proven gold deposits in the river within Muara Bungo were estimated at in 2005. Climate Muara Bungo has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy rainfall year-round. Infrastructure Transportation The Muara Bungo Airport is located in Muara Bungo, and began operations in November 2012. A roadway connects Muara Bungo with Jambi City and Palembang. In 1977, the Sawahtambang-Muara Bungo highway was under construction. Emergency services Muara Bungo has a fire department that is equipped with fire trucks. The fire department responds to building fires and fires on agricultural and vacant lands. In May 2015, it was reported that fires in Muara Bungo during 2015 had caused Rp $3 bil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jambi
Jambi is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the east coast of central Sumatra and spans to the Barisan Mountains in the west. Its capital and largest city is Jambi. The province has a land area of 50,160.05 km2, and a sea area of 3,274.95 km2. It had a population of 3,092,265 according to the 2010 census and 3,548,228 according to the 2020 census.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. The official estimate as at mid 2021 was 3,585,119.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2022. History Jambi was the site of the Melayu kingdom that engaged in trade throughout the Strait of Malacca and beyond. It was recorded as having sent a mission to China in 644 CE. It seems to have been annexed by Srivijaya by 685 CE, but seemingly tried to declare its independence in the 9th century. Jambi succeeded Palembang, its southern economic and military rival, as the major player in trade in the Malacca straits. After the 1025 Chola raids in Southeast Asia, Jambi still sent missions to C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operation Kraai
Operation Kraai (Operation Crow) was a Dutch military offensive against the ''de facto'' Republic of Indonesia in December 1948 after negotiations failed. With the advantage of surprise the Dutch managed to capture the Indonesian Republic's temporary capital, Yogyakarta, and seized Indonesian leaders such as ''de facto'' Republican President Sukarno. This apparent military success was however followed by guerrilla warfare, while the violation of the Renville Agreement ceasefire diplomatically isolated the Dutch, leading to the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference and recognition of the United States of Indonesia. Referred as the second by the Dutch, it is more commonly known in Indonesian history books and military records as ''Agresi Militer Belanda II'' (Dutch Military Aggression II).Zweers (1995) Background The second was aimed at forcing the republic to co-operate with the Dutch government in the implementation of the federalist policy as stipulated in the Lingga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sumatra
Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent islands such as the Simeulue, Nias, Mentawai, Enggano, Riau Islands, Bangka Belitung and Krakatoa archipelago. Sumatra is an elongated landmass spanning a diagonal northwest–southeast axis. The Indian Ocean borders the northwest, west, and southwest coasts of Sumatra, with the island chain of Simeulue, Nias, Mentawai, and Enggano off the western coast. In the northeast, the narrow Strait of Malacca separates the island from the Malay Peninsula, which is an extension of the Eurasian continent. In the southeast, the narrow Sunda Strait, containing the Krakatoa Archipelago, separates Sumatra from Java. The northern tip of Sumatra is near the Andaman Islands, while off the southeastern coast lie the islands of Bangka and Belitung, Karim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Third Sjahrir Cabinet
The third Sjahrir Cabinet ( id, Kabinet Sjahrir Ketiga) was the fourth Indonesian cabinet. It served from October 1946 to June 1947, when it fell due to disagreements related to implementation of the Linggadjati Agreement and subsequent negotiations with the Dutch. Background Following the kidnapping of Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir, those responsible attempted a coup against the Sukarno- Hatta government, with the cabinet replaced by a "Supreme Political Council" headed by Tan Malaka and President Sukarno's military powers transferred to General Sudirman. General Sudarsono, whose troops had carried out the kidnappings, traveled to Jakarta with Muhammad Yamin to meet the president, but both were arrested. Sukarno eventually persuaded Sudirman to back Sjahrir and support the arrest of the rebels, including Tan Malaka.Kahin (1952) pp. 189-192 In the middle of August 1946, the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) said circumstances now justified the restoration of a parliam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soemanang Soerjowinoto
Soemanang Soerjowinoto ( EYD: Sumanang Suryowinoto, 1 May 1908 – 13 June 1988) was an Indonesian journalist, politician, and banker. Born in Yogyakarta, Soemanang entered journalism after working in law for some time, founding his first newspaper in 1937. He was one of the co-founders of the Antara news agency and he was a chief editor of the '' Pemandangan'' newspaper during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies. After Indonesia's independence, he founded the '' Nasional'' newspaper, became the first chairman of the Indonesian Journalists Association, and joined the Central Indonesian National Committee, becoming a senator in the United States of Indonesia and later Minister of Economic Affairs under Wilopo's prime ministership. Following this political career, Soemanang served as directors in two banks before becoming an executive director at the International Monetary Fund. Early life and education Soemanang was born in Yogyakarta, then part of the Dutch East In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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