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Lolo–Burmese Languages
The Lolo-Burmese languages (also Burmic languages) of Burma and Southern China form a coherent branch of the Sino-Tibetan family. Names Until ca. 1950, the endonym ''Lolo'' was written with derogatory characters in Chinese, and for this reason has sometimes been avoided. Shafer (1966–1974) used the term "Burmic" for the Lolo-Burmese languages. The Chinese term is ''Mian–Yi'', after the Chinese name for Burmese and one of several words for Tai, reassigned to replace ''Lolo'' by the Chinese government after 1950. Possible languages The position of Naxi (Moso) within the family is unclear, and it is often left as a third branch besides Loloish and Burmish. Lama (2012) considers it to be a branch of Loloish, while Guillaume Jacques has suggested that it is a Qiangic language. The Pyu language that preceded Burmese in Burma is sometimes linked to the Lolo-Burmese family, but there is no good evidence for any particular classification, and it is best left unclassified within ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after India, representing 17.4% of the world population. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and Borders of China, borders fourteen countries by land across an area of nearly , making it the list of countries and dependencies by area, third-largest country by land area. The country is divided into 33 Province-level divisions of China, province-level divisions: 22 provinces of China, provinces, 5 autonomous regions of China, autonomous regions, 4 direct-administered municipalities of China, municipalities, and 2 semi-autonomous special administrative regions. Beijing is the country's capital, while Shanghai is List of cities in China by population, its most populous city by urban area and largest financial center. Considered one of six ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James A
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Nusoish Languages
The Loloish languages, also known as Yi (like the Yi people) and occasionally Ngwi or Nisoic, are a family of 50–100 Tibeto-Burman languages spoken primarily in the Yunnan province of Southwestern China. They are most closely related to Burmese and its relatives. Both the Loloish and Burmish branches are well defined, as is their superior node, Lolo-Burmese. However, sub-classification is more contentious. The 2013 edition of ''Ethnologue'' estimated a total number of 9 million native speakers of Loloish ("Ngwi") languages, the largest group being the speakers of Nuosu (Northern Yi) at 2 million speakers (2000 PRC census). Names ''Loloish'' is the traditional name for the family in English. Some publications avoid the term under the misapprehension that ''Lolo'' is pejorative, but it is the Chinese rendition of the autonym of the Yi people and is pejorative only in writing when it is written with a particular Chinese character (one that uses a beast, rather than a huma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hanoish Languages
The Southern Loloish or Southern Ngwi languages, also known as the Hanoish or Hanish languages, constitute a branch of the Loloish languages that includes Akha and Hani. Languages The branches included in Lama (2012), with languages from Bradley (2007), are: ''Hanoid'' in Lama (2012) is alternatively called ''Akoid'' in Bradley (2007), who recognizes the Hani-Akha and Haoni-Baihong languages as part of the Akoid group. Other Southern Loloish languages are: * Muda * Paza (Phusang), a recently discovered language of northern Laos related to Sila * Bana or BalaBradley, David (2007). "Language Endangerment in China and Mainland Southeast Asia". In Matthias Brenzinger, ed. ''Language diversity endangered''. New York: Mouton de Gruyter. in Laos. Speakers are included in the Kaw (Akha) ethnic group. The language is now being replaced by other larger languages such as Akha and Lahu. * Suobi 梭比, spoken in Yinyuan Township 因远镇, Yuanjiang County * Nuobi 糯比, closely rel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maang Language
Maang (; autonym: ' or ') or Mo'ang (; autonym: ') is a Lolo-Burmese language of Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan, China and northern Vietnam. The Maang are also locally referred to as the ''Gāokùjiǎo Yí'' (高裤脚彝; "High-Trousered Yi") by other local ethnic groups (Zhou 2014:1). Lama (2012) classifies Maang within the Mondzish branch of Lolo–Burmese. Maang has many Zhuang ( Central Tai) loanwords (Wang 2018). Distribution Zhou (2014:1-2) reports that Mo'ang is spoken in the following villages. *Banlun township 板仑乡, Funing County, Yunnan **Longyang 龙洋 (Maang, Zhuang, and Han Chinese residents) **Longmai 龙迈 **Mula 木腊 (Maang, Zhuang, and Han Chinese residents) **Gongjinwei 公金渭 **Kela 克拉 *Mugan 木甘, Niuchang village 牛场村, Lida town 里达镇 (Maang, Zhuang residents) *Muxiongping village 木兄坪村, Muyang town 木央镇 **Zhilun 直伦 (Maang and Miao residents) **Upper Muyang 上木羊 (Maang and Miao residents) **Lower Muyang 下� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mantsi Language
Mantsi (autonym: '; also called Lô Lô, Flowery Lolo, White Lolo or Black Lolo, is a Lolo-Burmese language. Speakers are mostly located in Hà Giang Province, Vietnam. In China, speakers are classified as a subgroup of the Yi people. In Vietnam they are called '' Lô Lô'' and is classified as one of the official 54 ethnic groups in Vietnam. Classification Mantsi may be related to the Kathu (Kasu, Gasu) and Mo'ang (') languages of Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan, China (Edmondson 2003). Lama (2012) concludes that Mantsi (Mondzi) and Maang constitute the most divergent branch of the Lolo-Burmese languages. Distribution ''Monji'' or ''Mondzi'' is reportedly spoken in some villages of Muyang Township, Funing County, Yunnan Yunnan; is an inland Provinces of China, province in Southwestern China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 47.2 million (as of 2020). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces ..., Ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ugong Language
The Gong language (also '''Ugong'', ''Ugong'', ''Lawa'' or ''Ugawng'', with ''U''- meaning 'person') is an endangered Tibeto-Burman language of Western Thailand, spoken in isolated pockets in Uthai Thani and Suphanburi provinces. History The ethnic group was first known to Westerners in the 1920s, when the language was already considered in severe decline (Kerr 1927). In the 1970s, David Bradley began working on the language in the several areas where it was still used, by which time it was already extinct in two of the locations given by Kerr (1927) about 50 years earlier. The people were then forced from two of these villages when the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand built dams over the Kwae Yai and Khwae Noi River (Bradley 1989). Because of the displacement of the people of an already declining language, the language is considered especially vulnerable to extinction. The last children speakers were in the 1970s and the children now speak Thai as their first l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanie Language
Sanie (autonym: ' or ') is a Loloish language of Yunnan, China. It is similar to Samataw. There were 17,320 ethnic Sanie in 1998, but only about 8,000 spoke the Sanie language fluently. The Sanie are also known as the ''White Yi'' (白彝) (Bradley 1997). A Sanie ''pinyin'' orthography had also been developed recently (Bradley 2005). Names *Ngwi, David Bradley's reconstruction for the autonym of Loloish speakers, is based on the Sanie autonym ' (also pronounced ' by some speakers) (Bradley 2005). Proto-Ngwi *ŋw- changed into '- or '- in most modern Loloish languages. Dialects Bradley (2005) reports significant variation in the Sanie language, and briefly compares the following 6 dialects. * East: Zhaozong 昭宗 (also in Huahongyuan and Yuhua) * Southeast: Chejiabi 车家壁 (also in Shiju) * Northeast: Gulu 古律 * North: Qinghe 清河 * Northwest: Luomian 罗免 * Southwest: Tuoji 妥吉 Bradley (2005) notes that the Sanie varieties spoken in the plains of Xishan Distri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exonym And Endonym
An endonym (also known as autonym ) is a common, name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language, or dialect, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or linguistic community to identify or designate themselves, their place of origin, or their language. An exonym (also known as xenonym ) is an established, ''non-native'' name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language, or dialect, meaning that it is used primarily outside the particular place inhabited by the group or linguistic community. Exonyms exist not only for historico-geographical reasons but also in consideration of difficulties when pronouncing foreign words, or from non-systematic attempts at transcribing into a different writing system. For instance, is the endonym for the country that is also known by the exonyms ''Germany'' and in English and Italian, respectively, and in Spanish and French, respectively, in Polish, and and in Finni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
David Bradley (linguist)
David Bradley is a linguist who specializes in the Tibeto-Burman languages of Southeast Asia. Born in the United States, Bradley was educated at the SOAS, University of London. He has spent most of his career in Australia and is currently professor emeritus at La Trobe University. Bradley has been an invited lecturer and keynote speaker many times and throughout the world, in particular the Himalayan Languages Symposium and the International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics. He is also the chief editor of the journal '' Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area''. He was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities in 2004. Publications *Bradley, David (1979). ''Lahu Dialects.'' (Oriental Monograph 23). Canberra: Faculty of Asian Studies and Australian National University The Australian National University (ANU) is a public university, public research university and member of the Group of Eight (Australian universities), Group of Eigh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bailang Language
Bailang or Pai-lang ( zh, c=白狼, p=Bái láng, l=white wolf) is the earliest recorded Tibeto-Burman language, known from three short songs, totalling 44 four-syllable lines, recorded in a commentary on the '' Book of the Later Han''. The language is clearly either Lolo–Burmese or closely related, but as of the 1970s it presented "formidable problems of interpretation, which have been only partially solved". Text The ''Book of the Later Han'' (compiled in the 5th century from older sources) relates that the songs were recorded in western Sichuan and a Chinese translation presented to Emperor Ming of Han (58–75 AD). This episode is recorded in the "Treatise on the Southern Barbarians" chapter, which includes the Chinese translation, but not the original songs. The Bailang people are described as living to the west of Wenshan, a mountain of the Minshan range in the southern part of modern Mao County. According to the oldest extant commentary on the ''Book of the Later Han' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
