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Lolo-Burmese Languages
The Lolo-Burmese languages (also Burmic languages) of Burma and Southern China form a coherent branch of the Sino-Tibetan family. Names Until ca. 1950, the endonym ''Lolo'' was written with derogatory characters in Chinese, and for this reason has sometimes been avoided. Shafer (1966–1974) used the term "Burmic" for the Lolo-Burmese languages. The Chinese term is ''Mian–Yi'', after the Chinese name for Burmese and one of several words for Tai, reassigned to replace ''Lolo'' by the Chinese government after 1950. Possible languages The position of Naxi (Moso) within the family is unclear, and it is often left as a third branch besides Loloish and Burmish. Lama (2012) considers it to be a branch of Loloish, while Guillaume Jacques has suggested that it is a Qiangic language. The Pyu language that preceded Burmese in Burma is sometimes linked to the Lolo-Burmese family, but there is no good evidence for any particular classification, and it is best left unclassified withi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, the most of any country in the world, tied with Russia. Covering an area of approximately , it is the world's third largest country by total land area. The country consists of 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions (Hong Kong and Macau). The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and financial center is Shanghai. Modern Chinese trace their origins to a cradle of civilization in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. The semi-legendary Xia dynasty in the 21st century BCE and the well-attested Shang and Zhou dynasties developed a bureaucratic political system to serve hereditary monarchies, or dyna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyu Language (Burma)
The Pyu language (Pyu: ; my, ပျူ ဘာသာ, ; also Tircul language) is an extinct Sino-Tibetan language that was mainly spoken in what is now Myanmar in the first millennium CE. It was the vernacular of the Pyu city-states, which thrived between the second century BCE and the ninth century CE. Its usage declined starting in the late ninth century when the Bamar people of Nanzhao began to overtake the Pyu city-states. The language was still in use, at least in royal inscriptions of the Pagan Kingdom if not in popular vernacular, until the late twelfth century. It became extinct in the thirteenth century, completing the rise of the Burmese language, the language of the Pagan Kingdom, in Upper Burma, the former Pyu realm. The language is principally known from inscriptions on four stone urns (7th and 8th centuries) found near the Payagyi pagoda (in the modern Bago Township) and the multi-lingual Myazedi inscription (early 12th century). These were first deciphered by Charl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hanoish Languages
The Southern Loloish or Southern Ngwi languages, also known as the Hanoish (Hanish) languages, constitute a branch of the Loloish languages that includes Akha and Hani. Languages The branches included in Lama (2012), with languages from Bradley (2007), are: ''Hanoid'' in Lama (2012) is alternatively called ''Akoid'' in Bradley (2007), who recognizes the Hani-Akha and Haoni-Baihong languages as part of the Akoid group. Other Southern Loloish languages are: *Muda * Paza (Phusang), a recently discovered language of northern Laos related to Sila * Bana or BalaBradley, David (2007). "Language Endangerment in China and Mainland Southeast Asia". In Matthias Brenzinger, ed. ''Language diversity endangered''. New York: Mouton de Gruyter. in Laos. Speakers are included in the Kaw (Akha) ethnic group. The language is now being replaced by other larger languages such as Akha and Lahu. * Suobi 梭比, spoken in Yinyuan Township 因远镇, Yuanjiang County * Nuobi 糯比, closely related ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maang Language
Maang (; autonym: ' or ') or Mo'ang (; autonym: ') is a Lolo-Burmese language of Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan, China and northern Vietnam. The Maang are also locally referred to as the ''Gāokùjiǎo Yí'' (高裤脚彝; "High-Trousered Yi") by other local ethnic groups (Zhou 2014:1). Lama (2012) classifies Maang within the Mondzish branch of Lolo–Burmese. Maang has many Zhuang (Central Tai) loanwords (Wang 2018). Distribution Zhou (2014:1-2) reports that Mo'ang is spoken in the following villages. *Banlun township 板仑乡, Funing County, Yunnan **Longyang 龙洋 (Maang, Zhuang, and Han Chinese residents) **Longmai 龙迈 **Mula 木腊 (Maang, Zhuang, and Han Chinese residents) **Gongjinwei 公金渭 **Kela 克拉 *Mugan 木甘, Niuchang village 牛场村, Lida town 里达镇 (Maang, Zhuang residents) *Muxiongping village 木兄坪村, Muyang town 木央镇 **Zhilun 直伦 (Maang and Miao residents) **Upper Muyang 上木羊 (Maang and Miao residents) **Lower Muyang 下木 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mantsi Language
Mantsi (autonym: '; also called Mondzi, Munji (mo21 ndʑi21), Lolo, Flowery Lolo, or Red Lolo, is a Lolo-Burmese language. Speakers are located mostly in Funing County, Yunnan, China and Hà Giang Province, Vietnam. In China they are classified as a subgroup of the Yi people. In Vietnam they are called '' Lô Lô'' and is classified as one of the official 54 ethnic groups in the country. Mantsi has 40 initials, 27 vowels (11 monophthongs and 13 diphthongs), and 6 tones (Lama 2012). Classification Mantsi may be related to the Kathu (Kasu, Gasu) and Mo'ang (') languages of Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan, China (Edmondson 2003). Lama (2012) concludes that Mantsi (Mondzi) and Maang constitute the most divergent branch of the Lolo-Burmese languages. Distribution ''Monji'' or ''Mondzi'' is reportedly spoken in some villages of Muyang Township, Funing County. ''Munji'' is reportedly spoken by the Flowery Yi (Lolo) of Donggan Town, Malipo County, Yunnan. It is closely related to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ugong Language
The Gong language (also '''Ugong'', ''Ugong'', ''Lawa'' or ''Ugawng'', with ''U''- meaning 'person') is an endangered Tibeto-Burman language of Western Thailand, spoken in isolated pockets in Uthai Thani and Suphanburi provinces. History The ethnic group was first known to Westerners in the 1920s, when the language was already considered in severe decline (Kerr 1927). In the 1970s, David Bradley began working on the language in the several areas where it was still used, by which time it was already extinct in two of the locations given by Kerr (1927) about 50 years earlier. The people were then forced from two of these villages when the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand built dams over the Kwae Yai and Khwae Noi River (Bradley 1989). Because of the displacement of the people of an already declining language, the language is considered especially vulnerable to extinction. The last children speakers were in the 1970s and the children now speak Thai as their first langua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanie Language
Sanie (autonym: ' or ') is a Loloish language of Yunnan, China. It is similar to Samataw. There were 17,320 ethnic Sanie in 1998, but only about 8,000 spoke the Sanie language fluently. The Sanie are also known as the ''White Yi'' (白彝) (Bradley 1997). A Sanie ''pinyin'' orthography had also been developed recently (Bradley 2005). Names *Ngwi, David Bradley's reconstruction for the autonym of Loloish speakers, is based on the Sanie autonym ' (also pronounced ' by some speakers) (Bradley 2005). Proto-Ngwi *ŋw- changed into '- or '- in most modern Loloish languages. Dialects Bradley (2005) reports significant variation in the Sanie language, and briefly compares the following 6 dialects. * East: Zhaozong 昭宗 (also in Huahongyuan and Yuhua) * Southeast: Chejiabi 车家壁 (also in Shiju) * Northeast: Gulu 古律 * North: Qinghe 清河 * Northwest: Luomian 罗免 * Southwest: Tuoji 妥吉 Bradley (2005) notes that the Sanie varieties spoken in the plains of Xishan District ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exonym And Endonym
An endonym (from Greek: , 'inner' + , 'name'; also known as autonym) is a common, ''native'' name for a geographical place, group of people, individual person, language or dialect, meaning that it is used inside that particular place, group, or linguistic community in question; it is their self-designated name for themselves, their homeland, or their language. An exonym (from Greek: , 'outer' + , 'name'; also known as xenonym) is an established, ''non-native'' name for a geographical place, group of people, individual person, language or dialect, meaning that it is used only outside that particular place, group, or linguistic community. Exonyms exist not only for historico-geographical reasons but also in consideration of difficulties when pronouncing foreign words. For instance, is the endonym for the country that is also known by the exonym ''Germany'' in English, in Spanish and in French. Naming and etymology The terms ''autonym'', ''endonym'', ''exonym'' and '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
David Bradley (linguist)
David Bradley is a linguist who specializes in the Tibeto-Burman languages of Southeast Asia. Born in the United States, Bradley was educated at the SOAS, University of London. He has spent most of his career in Australia and is currently professor emeritus at La Trobe University. Bradley has been an invited lecturer and keynote speaker many times and throughout the world, in particular the Himalayan Languages Symposium and the International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics. He is also the chief editor of the journal ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area''. John Benjamins Publishing Company
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Pai-lang Language
Bailang or Pai-lang () is the earliest recorded Tibeto-Burman language, known from three short songs, totalling 44 four-syllable lines, recorded in a commentary on the ''Book of the Later Han''. The language is clearly either Lolo–Burmese or closely related, but as of the 1970s it presented "formidable problems of interpretation, which have been only partially solved". Text The ''Book of the Later Han'' (compiled in the 5th century from older sources) relates that the songs were recorded in western Sichuan and a Chinese translation presented to Emperor Ming of Han (58–75 AD). This episode is recorded in the "Treatise on the Southern Barbarians" chapter, which includes the Chinese translation, but not the original songs. The Pai-lang people are described as living to the west of Wenshan, a mountain of the Minshan range in the southern part of modern Mao County. According to the oldest extant commentary on the ''Book of the Later Han'', by Li Xian (651–684), the Chinese tran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of California Press
The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. It was founded in 1893 to publish scholarly and scientific works by faculty of the University of California, established 25 years earlier in 1868, and has been officially headquartered at the university's flagship campus in Berkeley, California, since its inception. As the non-profit publishing arm of the University of California system, the UC Press is fully subsidized by the university and the State of California. A third of its authors are faculty members of the university. The press publishes over 250 new books and almost four dozen multi-issue journals annually, in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences, and maintains approximately 4,000 book titles in print. It is also the digital publisher of Collabra and Luminos open access (OA) initiatives. The University of California Press publishes in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linguistic Area
A sprachbund (, lit. "language federation"), also known as a linguistic area, area of linguistic convergence, or diffusion area, is a group of languages that share areal features resulting from geographical proximity and language contact. The languages may be genetically unrelated, or only distantly related, but the sprachbund characteristics might give a false appearance of relatedness. A grouping of languages that share features can only be defined as a sprachbund if the features are shared for some reason other than the genetic history of the languages. Because of this, attempts to classify some language families without knowledge about the history of the languages can lead to misclassification as sprachbunds and similarly some sprachbunds are incorrectly classified as language families. History In a 1904 paper, Jan Baudouin de Courtenay emphasised the need to distinguish between language similarities arising from a genetic relationship (''rodstvo'') and those arising from co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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