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Lintian Republic
The Lintian Republic (Chinese: 霖田公司, Hakka/Dutch: Lim-Thian; "Misty fields company"), known post-1850 as Xinle Republic (Chinese: 新樂公司, Hakka/Dutch: Xim-Lok; "New happiness company") was an autonomous Chinese kongsi federation located in the Budok (Chinese: 烏落, Hakka: Boedok) district of West Kalimantan, Borneo. It joined the Heshun Confederation in 1850 and was dissolved in 1854 at the hands of the Dutch East Indies. Demographics Early on, settlers in Lintian were mainly Banshanke ("half-mountain Hakkas"), a bilingual group that spoke both Hakka and Hokkien, all exclusively from the Jiexi County. In fact, the Lintian was named so after a temple in Jieyang, a city of Jiexi County, the Jieyang Lintian ancestral temple (揭阳霖田祖庙), dedicated to the Sanshan Guowang (Lords of the Three Mountains). Indeed, the Sanshan Guowang cult also played a very important role in the Lintian overseas community; its own branch temple in Budok was founded in the 178 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chinese Language
Chinese (, especially when referring to written Chinese) is a group of languages spoken natively by the ethnic Han Chinese majority and many minority ethnic groups in Greater China. About 1.3 billion people (or approximately 16% of the world's population) speak a variety of Chinese as their first language. Chinese languages form the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages family. The spoken varieties of Chinese are usually considered by native speakers to be variants of a single language. However, their lack of mutual intelligibility means they are sometimes considered separate languages in a family. Investigation of the historical relationships among the varieties of Chinese is ongoing. Currently, most classifications posit 7 to 13 main regional groups based on phonetic developments from Middle Chinese, of which the most spoken by far is Mandarin (with about 800 million speakers, or 66%), followed by Min (75 million, e.g. Southern Min), Wu (74 million, e.g. Shangh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhang (surname)
Zhang () is the third most common surname in China and Taiwan (commonly spelled as "Chang" in Taiwan), and it is one of the most common surnames in the world. Zhang is the pinyin romanization of the very common Chinese surname written in simplified characters and in traditional characters. It is spoken in the first tone: ''Zhāng''. It is a surname that exists in many languages and cultures, corresponding to the surname 'Archer' in English for example. In the Wade-Giles system of romanization, it is romanized as "Chang", which is commonly used in Taiwan; "Cheung" is commonly used in Hong Kong as romanization. It is also the pinyin romanization of the less-common surnames (''Zhāng''), which is the 40th name on the ''Hundred Family Surnames'' poem. There is the even-less common (''Zhǎng''). was listed 24th in the famous Song-era ''Hundred Family Surnames'', contained in the verse 何呂施張 (He Lü Shi Zhang). Today, it is one of the most common surnames in the world a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Expedition Against The Chinese In Montrado
The expedition against the Chinese in Montrado (1854–1855) was a punitive expedition of the Royal Netherlands Indies Army against Chinese kongsi in Montrado (Borneo). Background The situation after a preview Rebellion in West Kalimantan was not satisfactory for the Dutch. In May 1854, a 2,200 men strong expedition was sent to West Kalimantan led by Augustus Johannes Andresen, which had to advance to Monterado. The steam ship ''Celebes'', ''Borneo'' and ''Onrust'', junk ''Banda'' as well as Schooner ''Haai'' and ''Doris'', carrying 1,700 men and artillery landed in Sambas and Pontianak. Attacks were be launched from 3 directions, Singkawang Singkawang or Sakawokng in Dayak Salako or San-Khew-Jong ( hak, 山口洋), is a city located in the province of West Kalimantan, on the island of Borneo in Indonesia. It is located at about 145 km north of Pontianak, the provincial capital ... was the first to be conquered. Battle Battalion XIII and half of Battalion VII l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Willer Conferences Of 1853
Willer may refer to: * Willer (surname) * Willer (given name) * Willer (footballer) (born 1979), Brazilian footballer * Willer, Haut-Rhin, a commune in France * Willer-sur-Thur Willer-sur-Thur (german: Weiler an der Thur) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. Population See also * Communes of the Haut-Rhin department The following is a list of the 366 communes of the French d ..., a commune in France * Willer Group, transport company in Japan which owns Willer Express {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sambas (town)
Sambas is a town and the regency seat of Sambas Regency (Kabupaten Sambas), on the island of Borneo. Sambas Regency is one of the regencies of West Kalimantan province in Indonesia. Geography Sambas town is located between 1°11'20" and 1°24'48" north latitude and between 109°09'16" and 109°26'23" east longitude. With an area of , Sambas town area covers just under 4% of the area of Sambas Regency.sambas.go.iMonografi kecamatan Sambas/ref> The town district had 57,300 inhabitants at the 2020 Census.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. The following are the boundaries of Sambas town: Climate Sambas has a tropical rainforest climate A tropical rainforest climate, humid tropical climate or equatorial climate is a tropical climate sub-type usually found within 10 to 15 degrees latitude of the equator. There are some other areas at higher latitudes, such as the coast of southea ... (Af) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round. Gallery File:Istana 100613-3106 sbs.jp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sultanate Of Sambas
The Sultanate of Sambas (Malay/Indonesian: كسلطانن سمبس, ''Kesultanan Sambas'') was a traditional Malay state on the Western coast of the island of Borneo, in modern-day Indonesia. History At first governed by governors, Sambas became a kingdom in 1609 with the descendant of Sepudak. She married one of her daughters to a prince of Sultan Muhammad Hassan of Brunei, Prince Tengah whom later became the first and the last Sultan of Sarawak for Bruneian Empire. The child of this union, Muhammad Saif ud-din I became the first Muslim Sultan of Sambas. Sambas remained independent until the era of the Dutch East India Company, when the capital was bombarded in 1812. The Dutch took control in 1819, leading into frequent minglings into succession, deposing and exiling Abu Bakar Taj ud-din II to Java. The state was stable, featuring strong, durable leaders, until the Japanese conquest of 1942, when Sultan Muhammad Ibrahim Shafi ud-din II was executed in the Pontianak Inc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sultan
Sultan (; ar, سلطان ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who claimed almost full sovereignty (i.e., not having dependence on any higher ruler) without claiming the overall caliphate, or to refer to a powerful governor of a province within the caliphate. The adjectival form of the word is "sultanic", and the state and territories ruled by a sultan, as well as his office, are referred to as a sultanate ( '. The term is distinct from king ( '), despite both referring to a sovereign ruler. The use of "sultan" is restricted to Muslim countries, where the title carries religious significance, contrasting the more secular ''king'', which is used in both Muslim and non-Muslim countries. Brunei and Oman are the only independent countries which retain the ti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Santiaogou Republic
The Santiaogou Republic ( zh, 三條溝公司, Hakka Chinese, Hakka/Dutch language, Dutch: Sam-Thiao-Keoe; "Three gullies"), sometimes spelled as Santiago Republic in some sources, later renamed as the Sanda futing (Chinese language, Chinese: 三達副廳; "Deputy Hall of Three Reaches"), and lastly as the Hexian zhengting (Chinese language, Chinese: 和現正廳; "Legitimate Parliament of the Harmonies Present"), was a powerful Chinese Kongsi republic, kongsi federation formerly associated with Monterado, Bengkayang, Monterado (Chinese language, Chinese: 打勞鹿, Hakka Chinese, Hakka: Montradok) district before moving to Sepang (town), Sepang (Chinese language, Chinese: 昔邦, Hakka Chinese, Hakka: Sapawang) in West Kalimantan, Borneo. It joined the Heshun Confederation in 1776, but left due to disputes and allied with the sultan of Sultanate of Sambas, Sambas (and later the Dutch East India Company, Dutch), succeeding in destroying its former ally Heshun and the Dagang kongsi. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dayak People
The Dayak (; older spelling: Dajak) or Dyak or Dayuh are one of the native groups of Borneo. It is a loose term for over 200 riverine and hill-dwelling ethnic groups, located principally in the central and southern interior of Borneo, each with its own dialect, customs, laws, territory, and culture, although common distinguishing traits are readily identifiable. Dayak languages are categorised as part of the Austronesian languages. The Dayak were animist (Kaharingan and Folk Hindus) in belief; however, since the 19th century there has been mass conversion to Christianity as well as Islam due to the spreading of Abrahamic religions. Etymology It is commonly assumed that the name originates from the Bruneian and Melanau word for “interior people”, without any reference to an exact ethnic group. The term was adopted by Dutch and German authors as an umbrella term for any non-Muslim natives of Borneo. Thus, the difference between Dayaks and non-Dayaks natives could be un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lumar (Kalimantan)
, native_name_lang = fa , settlement_type = City , image_skyline = , imagesize = , image_alt = , image_caption = , image_flag = , flag_alt = , image_seal = , seal_alt = , image_shield = , shield_alt = , etymology = , nickname = , motto = , image_map = , map_alt = , map_caption = , pushpin_map = Iran#Ilam Iran , pushpin_map_alt = , pushpin_map_caption = , pushpin_label_position = , coordinates = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Iran , subdivision_type1 = Province , subdivision_name1 = Ilam , subdivision_type2 = County , subdivision_name2 = Sirvan , subdivision_type3 = District , subdivision_name3 = ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
