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Libicii (Narbonensis)
The Libicii (or Libui, Libii) were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the Camargue region during the Iron Age. Name They are mentioned as ''Lebékioi'' (Λεβέκιοι) by Polybius (2nd c. BC), ''Libui'' by Livy (late 1st c. BC), ''Libii'' and ''Libiciorum'' by Pliny (1st c. AD), and as ''Libikō̃n'' (Λιβικῶν) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD)., s.v. ''Libicii''. According to Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel, the ethnonym ''Libikoi'' could derive from an earlier ''*lubhikoi'' ('the loving ones'; from Gaulish ''lubi'' 'love') with pretonic vowel assimilation (''u...i'' > ''i...i''). A homonym tribe is documented in northern Italy (see Libicii (Cisalpine Gaul)). This may be the result of migrations from southern France. Geography Their territory was situated west of the Anatilii and Avatici, south of the Volcae Arecomici and Cavari., Map 15: Arelate-Massalia. The ''ora'' ''Libica'' mentioned by Pliny refer to the western Rhône delta (), that is to say the Camargue region. According ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gauls
The Gauls ( la, Galli; grc, Γαλάται, ''Galátai'') were a group of Celtic peoples of mainland Europe in the Iron Age and the Roman period (roughly 5th century BC to 5th century AD). Their homeland was known as Gaul (''Gallia''). They spoke Gaulish, a continental Celtic language. The Gauls emerged around the 5th century BC as bearers of La Tène culture north and west of the Alps. By the 4th century BC, they were spread over much of what is now France, Belgium, Switzerland, Southern Germany, Austria, and the Czech Republic, by virtue of controlling the trade routes along the river systems of the Rhône, Seine, Rhine, and Danube. They reached the peak of their power in the 3rd century BC. During the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, the Gauls expanded into Northern Italy ( Cisalpine Gaul), leading to the Roman–Gallic wars, and into the Balkans, leading to war with the Greeks. These latter Gauls eventually settled in Anatolia, becoming known as Galatians. After the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anatilii
The Anatilii were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the Alpilles region during the Iron Age. Name They are mentioned as ''Anatiliorum'' by Pliny (1st c. AD).Pliny. ''Naturalis Historia'', 3:34, 3:36., s.v. ''Anatilii''. Their name may be related to Gaulish ''anatia'', meaning 'souls'. Geography Pliny mentions a ''regio Anatiliorum'' situated between the ''Campi lapidei'' (the Crau) and the territories of Dexivates (between the Durance and Luberon) and Cavari (around present-day Avignon and Cavaillon). Their territory was located north of Libicii and Avatici, east of the Volcae Arecomici. According to historian Guy Barruol, they were part of the Saluvian confederation. An oppidum with Latin Rights given by Pliny as ''Anatilia'' has been linked to the site of Vernègues, near Salon-de-Provence Salon-de-Provence (, ; oc, label= Provençal Occitan, Selon de Provença/Seloun de Provènço, ), commonly known as Salon, is a commune located about northwest of Marseille in the Bouch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latin Rights
Latin rights (also Latin citizenship, Latin: ''ius Latii'' or ''ius latinum'') were a set of legal rights that were originally granted to the Latins (Latin: "Latini", the People of Latium, the land of the Latins) under Roman law in their original territory (Latium vetus) and therefore in their colonies (Latium adiectum). "''Latinitas''" was commonly used by Roman jurists to denote this status. With the Roman expansion in Italy, many settlements and coloniae outside of Latium had Latin rights. All the ''Latini'' of Italy obtained Roman citizenship as a result of three laws which were introduced during the Social War between the Romans and their allies among the Italic peoples ("socii") which rebelled against Rome. The '' Lex Iulia de Civitate Latinis (et sociis) Danda'' of 90 BC conferred Roman citizenship on all citizens of the Latin towns and the Italic towns who had not rebelled. The ''Lex Plautia Papiria de Civitate Sociis Danda'' of 89 BC granted Roman citizenship to all ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oppidum
An ''oppidum'' (plural ''oppida'') is a large fortified Iron Age settlement or town. ''Oppida'' are primarily associated with the Celtic late La Tène culture, emerging during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, spread across Europe, stretching from Britain and Iberia in the west to the edge of the Hungarian plain in the east. These settlements continued to be used until the Romans conquered Southern and Western Europe. Many subsequently became Roman-era towns and cities, whilst others were abandoned. In regions north of the rivers Danube and Rhine, such as most of Germania, where the populations remained independent from Rome, ''oppida'' continued to be used into the 1st century AD. Definition is a Latin word meaning 'defended (fortified) administrative centre or town', originally used in reference to non-Roman towns as well as provincial towns under Roman control. The word is derived from the earlier Latin , 'enclosed space', possibly from the Proto-Indo-European , 'occupi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salyes
The Salyes or Salluvii (Greek: ) were an ancient Celto-Ligurian people dwelling between the Durance river and the Greek colony of Massalia during the Iron Age. Although earlier writers called them 'Ligurian', Strabo used the denomination 'Celto-ligurian', and a Celtic influence is noticeable in their religion, which centred on the cult of the ''tête coupée'' ('severed head'). In fact, the Salyes were most likely at the head of a political and military confederation that united both Gallic and Ligurian tribes. During most of the early history, the Salyes were in conflict with the neighbouring Greek inhabitants of Massalia, and later on with their ally the Roman Republic, until the consul Gaius Sextius Calvinus sacked their hill-fort Entremont ca. 122 BC. Revolts against the Roman conquerors were crushed in 90 and 83 BC. Name They are mentioned as ''Sallyas'' by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), ''Salluvii'' and ''Saluum'' (var. ''Saluium'', ''Salluuiorum'') by Livy (late 1st c. BC), ''S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guy Barruol
Guy Barruol (born 10 June 1934) is a French historian and archaeologist. He is director of research emeritus at the CNRS. Biography Guy Barruol was born on 10 June 1934 in Mazan, Vaucluse, the son of Jean Barruol (1898–1982), a local historian and the author of numerous books on ancient and medieval Provence. Barruol entered the CNRS in January 1962 as an intern, then was awarded the post of research assistant in 1963, research fellow in 1967, senior research fellow in 1967, and eventually became director of research in 1985. Since June 2000, he has been director of research emeritus at the CNRS. Barruol was the director of the Antiquités Historiques of Languedoc-Roussillon Languedoc-Roussillon (; oc, Lengadòc-Rosselhon ; ca, Llenguadoc-Rosselló) is a former administrative region of France. On 1 January 2016, it joined with the region of Midi-Pyrénées to become Occitania. It comprised five departments, and ... from 1968 to 1982, and a member of the until 1999. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cavari
The Cavarī or Cavarēs (Gaulish: *''Cauaroi'', 'the heroes, champions, mighty men') were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the western part of modern Vaucluse, around the present-day cities of Avignon, Orange and Cavaillon, during the Roman period. They were at the head of a confederation of tribes that included the Tricastini, Segovellauni and Memini, and whose territory stretched further north along the Rhône Valley up to the Isère river. Name They are mentioned as ''Kaouárōn'' (Καουάρων) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), ''Cavarum'' by Pliny (1st c. AD), ''Cavarum'' and ''Cavaras'' by Pomponius Mela (mid-1st c. AD), ''Kaúaroi'' (Καύαροι) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), and as ''Cavares'' on the ''Tabula Peutingeriana'' (5th c. AD). The ethnonym ''Cavarī'' is a latinized form of Gaulish *''Cauaroi'' (sing. *''Cauaros''), meaning 'the heroes', or 'the mighty men'. It derives from the Celtic stem ''*kawaro-'', meaning 'hero, champion' (cf. Old Irish ''cuar'' 'hero, champion, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volcae Arecomici
The Arecomici or Volcae Arecomici were a Gallic tribe dwelling between the Rhône and the Hérault rivers, around present-day Nîmes, during the Iron Age and the Roman period. Name The meaning of the ethnonym ''Arecomici'' remains unclear. The Gaulish prefix ''are-'' means 'in front of, in the vicinity of', but the translation of the second element, -''comici'', is unknown. The name ''Volcae'' stems from Gaulish ''uolcos'' ('hawk'). Geography Their chief town Nemausus was inhabited since the Bronze Age; its original name was possibly forgotten after the takeover of the settlement by the Celtic Volcae. Another settlement was known as Vindomagus ('white market'). History The Arecomici were probably first officially recognized or defined by Rome as a political entity around 75 BC. According to anthropologist Michael Dietler, the Roman colonization of the region, which led to the organization of Nemausus as a ''colonia Latina'' in the late 1st century AD, "resulted in the ethn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avatici
The Avatici (Gaulish: *''Auaticoi'') were a Gallic tribe dwelling near the Étang de Berre, between the mouth of the Rhône river and Massilia (modern Marseille), during the Roman period. Name They are mentioned as ''Au̓atilō͂n'' (Αὐατιλῶν; var. Αὐατικῶν) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), and an ''oppidum'' ''Maritima Avaticorum'' is documented by Pliny (1st c. AD) and Pomponius Mela (mid-1st c. AD). Geography Territory The Avatici dwelled near the Étang de Berre, southwest of the Saluvii, and possibly northwest of the Tricores., Map 15: Arelate-Massalia. Their territory stretched from the eastern part of the mouth of the Rhône river to the west of Massilia, and from the Mediterranean Sea to the Crau in the north. According to historian Guy Barruol, they were part of the Saluvian confederation. Settlements Their chief town, located in the province of Gallia Narbonensis, was known as . The location of the settlement is not precisely indicated by the sou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Camargue
Camargue (, also , , ; oc, label= Provençal, Camarga) is a region of France located south of Arles, between the Mediterranean Sea and the two arms of the Rhône delta. The eastern arm is called the ''Grand Rhône''; the western one is the ''Petit Rhône''. Administratively it lies within the department of Bouches-du-Rhône, (Mouths of the Rhône), and covers parts of the territory of the communes of Arles, Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône and Marseille. A further expanse of marshy plain, the ''Petite Camargue'' (little Camargue), just to the west of the ''Petit Rhône'', lies in the department of Gard. Camargue was designated a Ramsar site as a "Wetland of International Importance" on 1 December 1986. Geography With an area of over , the Camargue is western Europe's largest river delta. It is a vast plain comprising large brine lagoons or ''étangs'', cut off from the sea by sandbars and encircled by reed-covered marshes. These are in turn surrounded ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaulish
Gaulish was an ancient Celtic languages, Celtic language spoken in parts of Continental Europe before and during the period of the Roman Empire. In the narrow sense, Gaulish was the language of the Celts of Gaul (now France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine). In a wider sense, it also comprises varieties of Celtic that were spoken across much of central Europe ("Noric language, Noric"), parts of the Balkans, and Anatolia ("Galatian language, Galatian"), which are thought to have been closely related. The more divergent Lepontic language, Lepontic of Northern Italy has also sometimes been subsumed under Gaulish. Together with Lepontic and the Celtiberian language, Celtiberian spoken in the Iberian Peninsula, Gaulish helps form the geographic group of Continental Celtic languages. The precise linguistic relationships among them, as well as between them and the modern Insular ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
