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Leucoanthocyanin
Leucoanthocyanidin (flavan-3,4-diols) are colorless chemical compounds related to anthocyanidins and anthocyanins. Leucoanthocyanins can be found in ''Anadenanthera peregrina'' and in several species of ''Nepenthes'' including '' N. burbidgeae'', '' N. muluensis'', '' N. rajah'', '' N. tentaculata'', and '' N. × alisaputrana''. Such compounds include: * Leucocyanidin * Leucodelphinidin * Leucofisetinidin * Leucomalvidin * Leucopelargonidin * Leucopeonidin * Leucorobinetinidin * Melacacidin * Teracacidin from ''Acacia obtusifolia'' and ''Acacia maidenii'' heartwoods Leucoanthocyanidins have been demonstrated to be intermediates in anthocyanidin biosynthesis in flowers of '' Matthiola incana''. Bate-smith recommended in 1954 the use of the Forestal solvent for the isolation of leuco-anthocyanins. Metabolism Leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase uses flavan-3,4-diols to produce 3-hydroxyanthocyanidins. The gene encoding the enzyme (PpLDOX) has been identif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nepenthes Tentaculata
''Nepenthes tentaculata'' , or the fringed pitcher-plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. ''Pitcher-Plants of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a tropical pitcher plant with a wide distribution across Borneo and Sulawesi. It grows at altitudes of 400–2550 m.McPherson, S.R. 2009. ''Pitcher Plants of the Old World''. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. The specific epithet ''tentaculata'' is derived from the Latin word ''tentacula'', meaning "tentacles", and refers to the multicellular appendages on the upper surface of the pitcher lid. Botanical history ''Nepenthes tentaculata'' was formally described by Joseph Dalton Hooker in his 1873 monograph, " Nepenthaceae", based on specimens collected by Thomas Lobb in 1853. In subsequent years, ''N. tentaculata'' was featured in a number of publications by eminent botanists such as Frederick William Burbidge (1882),Burbidge, F.W. 1882Notes on the new ''Nepenthes''.''The Gardeners' C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nepenthes Muluensis
''Nepenthes muluensis'' , or the Mulu pitcher-plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. ''Pitcher-Plants of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Borneo. It grows in highland habitats at elevations of 1700 to 2400 m above sea level.Clarke, C.M. 1997. ''Nepenthes of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Botanical history ''Nepenthes muluensis'' was first collected by botanist Mitsuru Hotta on March 18, 1964, on Mardi between the third and fourth camps on the western ridge of Mount Mulu, Sarawak. The holotype, ''M.Hotta 14791d'', is deposited at the Botany Department of Kyoto University (KYO).Schlauer, J. 2006''Nepenthes muluensis'' Carnivorous Plant Database. Hotta described the species in 1966, naming it after Mount Mulu, to which it was thought to be endemic. The description did not cover the lower pitchers of this species, which were unknown at the time. ''Nepenthes muluensis'' was the first ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nepenthes × Alisaputrana
''Nepenthes'' × ''alisaputrana'' ( preferably, or ; after Datuk Lamri Ali), or the leopard pitcher-plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. ''Pitcher-Plants of Borneo ''Pitcher-Plants of Borneo'' is a monograph by Anthea Phillipps and Anthony Lamb on the tropical pitcher plants of Borneo. It was first published in 1996 by Natural History Publications (Borneo), in association with the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ke ...''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a Hybrid (biology), hybrid of two well-known ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plant species: ''Nepenthes burbidgeae, N. burbidgeae'' and ''Nepenthes rajah, N. rajah''. The plant is confined to Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, Borneo.Clarke, C.M. 1997. ''Nepenthes of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. ''Nepenthes'' × ''alisaputrana'' was described in 1992 by J. H. Adam and C. C. Wilcock and is named in honour of Datuk Lamri Ali, a former Director of Sabah Parks. It is only known from a few remote l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nepenthes Burbidgeae
''Nepenthes burbidgeae'' , also known as the painted pitcher plantKurata, S. 1976. ''Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu''. Sabah National Parks Publications No. 2, Sabah National Parks Trustees, Kota Kinabalu. or Burbidge's Pitcher-Plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. ''Pitcher-Plants of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a tropical pitcher plant with a patchy distribution around Mount Kinabalu and neighbouring Mount Tambuyukon in Sabah, Borneo.Clarke, C.M. 1997. ''Nepenthes of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Botanical history ''Nepenthes burbidgeae'' was discovered on Mount Kinabalu in 1858 by Hugh Low and Spenser St. John. St. John wrote the following account of finding the species near the Marai Parai plateau: Crossing the Hobang, a steep climb led us to the western spur, along which our path lay; here, at about 4000 ft [1200 m], Mr. Low found a beautiful white and spotted pitcher-plant which he considered the prettiest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nepenthes Rajah
''Nepenthes rajah'' is a carnivorous pitcher plant species of the family Nepenthaceae. It is endemic to Mount Kinabalu and neighbouring Mount Tambuyukon in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo.Clarke 1997, p. 123. ''Nepenthes rajah'' grows exclusively on serpentine substrates, particularly in areas of seeping ground water where the soil is loose and permanently moist. The species has an altitudinal range of a.s.l. and is thus considered a highland or sub-alpine plant. Due to its localised distribution, ''N. rajah'' is classified as an endangered species by the IUCN and listed on CITES Appendix I. The species was collected by Hugh Low on Mount Kinabalu in 1858, and described the next year by Joseph Dalton Hooker, who named it after James Brooke, the first White Rajah of Sarawak. Hooker called it "one of the most striking vegetable productions hither-to discovered".Hooker 1859. Since being introduced into cultivation in 1881, ''Nepenthes rajah'' has always been a much sought-after s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leucofisetinidin
Leucofisetinidin is a flavan-3,4-diol (leucoanthocyanidin), a type of natural phenolic substance. It is the monomer of condensed tannins called profisetinidins. Those tannins can be extracted from the heartwood of ''Acacia mearnsii'' or from the heartwoods of ''Schinopsis balansae'', ''Schinopsis quebrachocolorado'' and from commercial quebracho extract. See also * Fisetinidin Fisetinidin is an anthocyanidin. It has been obtained from the heartwood of ''Acacia mearnsii'', from the bark of '' Rhizophora apiculata'' and can also be synthesized. Fisetinidin is very similar in structure to fisetin, which itself differs in s ... References Leucoanthocyanidins {{aromatic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leucopelargonidin
Leucopelargonidin is a colorless chemical compound related to leucoanthocyanins. It can be found in ''Albizia lebbeck'' (East Indian walnut), in the fruit of ''Anacardium occidentale'' (Cashew), in the fruit of ''Areca catechu'' (Areca nut), in the fruit of '' Hydnocarpus wightiana'' (Hindi Chaulmoogra), in the rhizome of '' Rumex hymenosepalus'' (Arizona dock), in '' Zea mays'' (Corn) and in ''Ziziphus jujuba'' (Chinese date). (+)-Leucopelargonidin can be synthesized from (+)-aromadendrin by sodium borohydride reduction. Metabolism Dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase In enzymology, a dihydrokaempferol 4-reductase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :cis-3,4- leucopelargonidin + NADP+ \rightleftharpoons (+)- dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+ Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are cis-3 ... uses ''cis''-3,4-leucopelargonidin and NADP+ to produce (+)-aromadendrin, NADPH, and H+. Leucoanthocyanidin reductase transforms ''cis''-3,4-leucopelargonidin into afze ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3-hydroxyanthocyanidins
Anthocyanidins are common plant pigments, the sugar-free counterparts of anthocyanins. They are based on the flavylium cation, an oxonium ion, with various groups substituent, substituted for its hydrogen atoms. They generally change color from red through purple, blue, and bluish green as a function of pH. Anthocyanidins are an important subclass of the polymethine dyes and flavonoids. The flavylium cation is a chromenylium cation with a phenyl group substituted in position 2; and chromenylium (also called benzopyrylium) is a bicyclic version of pyrylium. The positive charge can move around the molecule. At least 31 monomeric anthocyanidins have been properly identified in living organisms, mostly as the core components of anthocyanins. The latter are responsible for the red, purple, blue, or black color of many fruits (like grapes and blueberry, blueberries), flowers (like roses), leaves (like purple cabbage), and even tubers (like radishes and purple yams). They are also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peach
The peach (''Prunus persica'') is a deciduous tree first domesticated and cultivated in Zhejiang province of Eastern China. It bears edible juicy fruits with various characteristics, most called peaches and others (the glossy-skinned, non-fuzzy varieties), nectarines. The specific name ''persica'' refers to its widespread cultivation in Persia (modern-day Iran), from where it was transplanted to Europe. It belongs to the genus ''Prunus'', which includes the cherry, apricot, almond, and plum, in the rose family. The peach is classified with the almond in the subgenus '' Amygdalus'', distinguished from the other subgenera by the corrugated seed shell (endocarp). Due to their close relatedness, the kernel of a peach stone tastes remarkably similar to almond, and peach stones are often used to make a cheap version of marzipan, known as persipan. Peaches and nectarines are the same species, though they are regarded commercially as different fruits. The skin of nectarines lac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leucoanthocyanidin Dioxygenase
In enzymology, a leucocyanidin oxygenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 \rightleftharpoons cis- and trans-dihydroquercetins + succinate + CO2 + 2 H2O The 3 substrates of this enzyme are leucocyanidin, 2-oxoglutarate, and O2, whereas its 5 products are cis-dihydroquercetin, trans-dihydroquercetin, succinate, CO2, and H2O. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is leucocyanidin,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) or anthocyanidin synthase (ANS). This enzyme participates in flavonoid biosynthesis. In a broader way, leucocyanidin oxygenase uses flavan- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forestal
Forestal is a solvent used in chromatography, composed of acetic acid, water, and hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride. It is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungent smell. It is classified as a strong acid Acid strength is the tendency of an acid, symbol ... in a 30:10:3 ratio by volume. It is useful for isolating anthocyanins in room-temperature chromatography using standard filter paper. References * * Pecket, R.C. Constituents of Leaf Extracts ... , New Phytologist 1959 Oct; 58(2) (retrieved 27 sept 2010 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1959.tb05350.x/pdf ) * Stecher, G. and Bonn, G. K., Phytochemical Analysis, Chromatography, Elsevier Science, E. Heftmann (ed), Amsterdam, pp. 1050. {{ISBN, 0-444-51108-3 (2004) (retrieved via google books 9/27/2010) Solvents Chromatography Anthocyanins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
