''Nepenthes tentaculata'' , or the fringed pitcher-plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. ''

Pitcher-Plants of Borneo ''Pitcher-Plants of Borneo'' is a monograph by Anthea Phillipps and Anthony Lamb on the tropical pitcher plants of Borneo. It was first published in 1996 by Natural History Publications (Borneo), in association with the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ke ...

''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a tropical

pitcher plant Pitcher plants are several different carnivorous plants which have modified leaves known as pitfall traps—a prey-trapping mechanism featuring a deep cavity filled with digestive liquid. The traps of what are considered to be "true" pitcher p ...

with a wide distribution across

Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and eas ...

and

Sulawesi Sulawesi (), also known as Celebes (), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the world's eleventh-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Mindanao and the Sulu Ar ...

. It grows at altitudes of 400–2550 m.McPherson, S.R. 2009. ''

Pitcher Plants of the Old World ''Pitcher Plants of the Old World'' is a two-volume monograph by Stewart McPherson on the pitcher plants of the genera ''Nepenthes'' and ''Cephalotus''. It was published in May 2009 by Redfern Natural History Productions and covers all species kno ...

''. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. The

specific epithet In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...

''tentaculata'' is derived from the

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

word ''tentacula'', meaning "tentacles", and refers to the multicellular appendages on the upper surface of the pitcher lid.

Botanical history

''Nepenthes tentaculata'' was formally described by

Joseph Dalton Hooker Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend. For twenty years he served as director of t ...

in his 1873 monograph, " Nepenthaceae", based on specimens collected by

Thomas Lobb Thomas Lobb (1817–1894) was a British botanist and, along with his older brother, William Lobb, collected plants for the plant nursery Veitch. Lobb worked in India, Indonesia and the Philippines. In 1845 he discovered the first orchid species ...

in 1853. In subsequent years, ''N. tentaculata'' was featured in a number of publications by eminent botanists such as

Frederick William Burbidge Frederick William Thomas Burbidge (1847–1905) was a British explorer who collected many rare tropical plants for the famous Veitch Nurseries. Biography Burbidge was born at Wymeswold, Leicestershire, on 21 March 1847, was son of Thomas Burbid ...

(1882),Burbidge, F.W. 1882
Notes on the new ''Nepenthes''.
''The Gardeners' Chronicle'', new series, 17(420): 56.

Odoardo Beccari Odoardo Beccari (16 November 1843 – 25 October 1920) was an Italian botanist famous for his discoveries in Indonesia, particularly New Guinea, and Australia. He has been called the greatest botanist to ever study Malesia. His author abbreviat ...

(1886), Ernst Wunschmann (1891), Otto Stapf (1894),

Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau Günther Ritter Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau (25 August 1856 in Pressburg, modern Bratislava – 23 June 1931 in Prague) was a prominent Austrian botanist. Life Ritter Beck-Mannagetta, son of a state prosecutor, studied at the University of ...

(1895),

Jacob Gijsbert Boerlage Jacob Gijsbert Boerlage (18 November 1849 – 25 September 1900) was a Dutch botanist, who worked principally at the National Herbarium in Brussels. Life Boerlage was born in Uithoorn, in the Netherlands on 18 November 1849. He received his ...

(1900),

Elmer Drew Merrill Elmer Drew Merrill (October 15, 1876 – February 25, 1956) was an American botanist and taxonomist. He spent more than twenty years in the Philippines where he became a recognized authority on the flora of the Asia-Pacific region. Through t ...

(1921), and

Frederik Endert Frederik Hendrik Endert (1891 in Semarang, Java – 1953 in Bussum, Netherlands) was a Dutch botanist and plant collector.

(1925).

John Muirhead Macfarlane John Muirhead Macfarlane FRSE LLD (28 September 1855, Kirkcaldy, Fife – 16 September 1943, Lancaster) was a Scottish botanist. Life He was born in Kirkcaldy in Fife on 28 September 1855. He was educated locally, then studied sciences at the ...

's 1908 monograph included a revised description and illustration of the species.Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. ''Das Pflanzenreich IV'', III, Heft 36: 1–91. Macfarlane also wrote about ''N. tentaculata'' in the ''Journal of the Linnean Society'' in 1914. An emended Latin diagnosis and botanical description of ''N. tentaculata'' were provided by B. H. Danser in his seminal monograph "

The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies" is a seminal monograph by B. H. Danser on the tropical pitcher plants of the Dutch East Indies and surrounding regions. It was originally published in the ''Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg'' ...

", published in 1928.Danser, B.H. 1928.

. ''Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg'', Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438. Two

infraspecific taxa In botany, an infraspecific name is the scientific name for any taxon below the rank of species, i.e. an infraspecific taxon or infraspecies. (A "taxon", plural "taxa", is a group of organisms to be given a particular name.) The scientific names ...

have been described: *''Nepenthes tentaculata'' var. ''imberbis'' Becc. (1886) *''Nepenthes tentaculata'' var. ''tomentosa'' Macfarl. (1908)

Description

''Nepenthes tentaculata'' is a climbing plant. The stem may reach a length of 3 m and is up to 5 mm in diameter. Internodes are circular to triangular in cross section and up to 10 cm long.Clarke, C.M. 1997. ''

Nepenthes of Borneo ''Nepenthes of Borneo'' is a monograph by Charles Clarke on the tropical pitcher plants of Borneo.Clarke, C.M. 1997. ''Nepenthes of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. It was first published in 1997 by Natural History ...

''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. The leaves of this species are

sessile Sessility, or sessile, may refer to: * Sessility (motility), organisms which are not able to move about * Sessility (botany), flowers or leaves that grow directly from the stem or peduncle of a plant * Sessility (medicine), tumors and polyps that ...

. The

lamina Lamina may refer to: Science and technology * Planar lamina, a two-dimensional planar closed surface with mass and density, in mathematics * Laminar flow, (or streamline flow) occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption betwee ...

or leaf blade is lanceolate to elliptic in shape and up to 15 cm long by 3 cm wide. Its apex is rounded to acute, while the base is amplexicaul and

cordate Cordate is an adjective meaning ' heart-shaped' and is most typically used for: * Cordate (leaf shape) The following is a list of terms which are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (a ...

, encircling the stem. Up to 4 longitudinal veins are present on either side of the

midrib This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary o ...

Pinnate Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, and in ...

veins are irregularly

reticulate Reticulation is a net-like pattern, arrangement, or structure. Reticulation or Reticulated may refer to: * Reticulation (single-access key), a structure of an identification tree, where there are several possible routes to a correct identificatio ...

Tendril In botany, a tendril is a specialized stem, leaf or petiole with a threadlike shape used by climbing plants for support and attachment, as well as cellular invasion by parasitic plants such as ''Cuscuta''. There are many plants that have tendr ...

s are up to 15 cm long. The pitchers of ''N. tentaculata'' are generally quite small, rarely exceeding 15 cm in height. However, in exceptional specimens they may be up to 30 cm high by 8 cm wide. Rosette and lower pitchers are ovoid in the basal third and cylindrical above. Upper pitchers are more cylindrical throughout. A pair of fringed wings runs down the front of lower pitchers, while in upper pitchers these are often reduced to ribs. The pitcher mouth is usually ovate, becoming acute at the front and rear. Its insertion very oblique. The

peristome Peristome (from the Greek ''peri'', meaning 'around' or 'about', and ''stoma'', 'mouth') is an anatomical feature that surrounds an opening to an organ or structure. Some plants, fungi, and shelled gastropods have peristomes. In mosses In mosses, ...

is roughly cylindrical in cross section and up to 5 mm wide. It bears small ribs and its inner margin is lined with tiny teeth. The inner portion of the peristome accounts for around 57% of its total cross-sectional surface length.Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plants. ''Journal of Evolutionary Biology'' 25(1): 90–102. The pitcher lid or operculum is ovate and typically obtuse. Often, numerous

filiform Filiform, thread or filament like, can refer to: * Filiform, a common term used in botany to describe a thread-like shape *Filiform, or filiform catheter In medicine, a catheter (/ˈkæθətər/) is a thin tubing (material), tube made from m ...

appendages are present on the upper surface of the lid, concentrated near the edge. However, some forms of the species lack these structures altogether. ''Nepenthes tentaculata'' has a

racemose A raceme ( or ) or racemoid is an unbranched, indeterminate type of inflorescence bearing flowers having short floral stalks along the shoots that bear the flowers. The oldest flowers grow close to the base and new flowers are produced as the s ...

inflorescence An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed o ...

. The peduncle is up to 15 cm long and the

rachis In biology, a rachis (from the grc, ῥάχις [], "backbone, spine") is a main axis or "shaft". In zoology and microbiology In vertebrates, ''rachis'' can refer to the series of articulated vertebrae, which encase the spinal cord. In this c ...

up to 10 cm long, although female inflorescences are generally shorter than male ones.

Pedicels In botany, a pedicel is a stem that attaches a single flower to the inflorescence. Such inflorescences are described as ''pedicellate''. Description Pedicel refers to a structure connecting a single flower to its inflorescence. In the absenc ...

are

bract In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of ...

-less and reach 10 mm in length.

Sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coined b ...

s are oblong-lanceolate in shape and up to 3 mm long. A study of 210

pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametophyt ...

samples taken from a herbarium specimen (''Mjöberg 49'', collected in Borneo at an altitude of 1700 m) found the mean pollen diameter to be 29.8 μm ( SE = 0.4; CV = 9.4%). ''Nepenthes tentaculata'' has no

indumentum In biology, an indumentum (Latin, literally: "garment") is a covering of trichomes (fine "hairs") on a plant Davis, Peter Hadland and Heywood, Vernon Hilton (1963) ''Principles of angiosperm taxonomy'' Van Nostrandpage, Princeton, New Jersey, pa ...

(hairs); all parts of the plant are

glabrous Glabrousness (from the Latin '' glaber'' meaning "bald", "hairless", "shaved", "smooth") is the technical term for a lack of hair, down, setae, trichomes or other such covering. A glabrous surface may be a natural characteristic of all or part of ...

Ecology

''Nepenthes tentaculata'' has a wide distribution that covers

and

. It is particularly widespread in the former, where it has been recorded from almost every mountain exceeding 1000 m. It usually grows at altitudes of between 1200 and 2550 m above sea level. However, on coastal mountains such as Mount Silam in

Sabah Sabah () is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia located in northern Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia. Sabah borders the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and the North Kalimantan province of Indone ...

and

Mount Santubong Mount Santubong ( ms, Gunung Santubong) is a mountain in the Malaysian state of Sarawak Sarawak (; ) is a state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in ...

Sarawak Sarawak (; ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the M ...

, ''N. tentaculata'' has been found at elevations as low as 740 m, and sometimes even down to 400 m. The species typically inhabits

mossy forest A cloud forest, also called a water forest, primas forest, or tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF), is a generally tropical or subtropical, evergreen, montane, moist forest characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud c ...

, although it has also been recorded from ridge-top vegetation on mountain summits. Unlike many other ''Nepenthes'' species, ''N. tentaculata'' does not occur as an

epiphyte An epiphyte is an organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it. The plants on which epiphytes grow are called phoroph ...

; it always grows terrestrially.Clarke, C.M. 2001. ''

A Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sabah This list of ''Nepenthes'' literature is a listing of major published works dealing with the tropical pitcher plants of the genus ''Nepenthes''. It includes specialised standalone publications and Biological classification, taxonomic monographs ...

''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Plants often grow in clumps of ''

Sphagnum ''Sphagnum'' is a genus of approximately 380 accepted species of mosses, commonly known as sphagnum moss, peat moss, also bog moss and quacker moss (although that term is also sometimes used for peat). Accumulations of ''Sphagnum'' can store wa ...

moss Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (, ) '' sensu stricto''. Bryophyta (''sensu lato'', Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryophytes, which comprise liverworts, mosses, and hor ...

, spreading vegetatively via creeping subterranean stems.Clarke, C.M. & C.C. Lee 2004. '' Pitcher Plants of Sarawak''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. The

conservation status The conservation status of a group of organisms (for instance, a species) indicates whether the group still exists and how likely the group is to become extinct in the near future. Many factors are taken into account when assessing conservation ...

of ''N. tentaculata'' is listed as

Least Concern A least-concern species is a species that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as evaluated as not being a focus of species conservation because the specific species is still plentiful in the wild. T ...

on the

IUCN Red List The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biol ...

based on an assessment carried out in 2018. This agrees with an informal assessment made by

Charles Clarke Charles Rodway Clarke (born 21 September 1950) is a British Labour Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Norwich South from 1997 until 2010, and served as Home Secretary from December 2004 until May 2006. Early life T ...

in 1997, who also classified the species as Least Concern based on the

IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN; officially International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natu ...

criteria. In 1995, the

World Conservation Monitoring Centre The UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is a collaboration centre of UN Environment Programme, based in Cambridge in the United Kingdom. UNEP-WCMC has been part of UN Environment Programme since 2000, and has r ...

classified ''N. tentaculata'' as "not threatened".

Related species

''Nepenthes tentaculata'' belongs to what has been called the "Hamata group", which also includes four other closely related species from

and

: '' N. glabrata'', '' N. hamata'', '' N. muluensis'', and '' N. murudensis''. More recently, '' N. nigra'' has joined this group of related taxa.Nerz, J., A. Wistuba, C.C. Lee, G. Bourke, U. Zimmermann & S. McPherson 2011. ''Nepenthes nigra'', a new pitcher plant from Central Sulawesi. In: McPherson, S.R. '' New Nepenthes: Volume One''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 468–491. ''Nepenthes tentaculata'' is most easily confused with ''N. muluensis''. The lower pitchers of these species are almost identical, but those of ''N. muluensis'' have a rounder mouth. The climbing stem, growth habit and leaves are also similar, although ''N. muluensis'' usually has a narrower lamina. However, the upper pitchers of ''N. muluensis'' are distinctive; they usually have a white lid, a round mouth, and their wings are either greatly reduced or absent altogether. ''Nepenthes tentaculata'' is also similar to ''N. murudensis'', which is often described as resembling a giant form of the species. ''Nepenthes murudensis'' differs in lacking

hairs on the upper surface of the lid, being more robust in all respects, and having a dense

s and some vegetative parts.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae). ''Blumea'' 42(1): 1–106.Steiner, H. 2002. '' Borneo: Its Mountains and Lowlands with their Pitcher Plants''. Toihaan Publishing Company, Kota Kinabalu. However, a number of populations of ''N. tentaculata'' from northern

produce pitchers exceeding 20 cm in height and these may be very similar in appearance to ''N. murudensis''. ''Nepenthes murudensis'' also differs in that its aerial pitchers lack wings. Although ''N. tentaculata'' is variable in this respect, plants from Mount Murud usually produce upper pitchers with wings.

Natural hybrids

The following natural hybrids involving ''N. tentaculata'' have been recorded. *'' N. burbidgeae'' × ''N. tentaculata'' *'' N. fusca'' × ''N. tentaculata''Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. ''

Pitcher Plants of Borneo ''Pitcher-Plants of Borneo'' is a monograph by Anthea Phillipps and Anthony Lamb on the tropical pitcher plants of Borneo. It was first published in 1996 by Natural History Publications (Borneo), in association with the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ke ...

''. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. *'' N. glabrata'' × ''N. tentaculata'' *'' N. hamata'' × ''N. tentaculata'' *? '' N. lowii'' × ''N. tentaculata'' *'' N. macrovulgaris'' × ''N. tentaculata'' *'' N. maxima'' × ''N. tentaculata''McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. ''

Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sulawesi This list of ''Nepenthes'' literature is a listing of major published works dealing with the tropical pitcher plants of the genus '' Nepenthes''. It includes specialised standalone publications and taxonomic monographs released as part of larg ...

''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. *'' N. muluensis'' × ''N. tentaculata'' N._×_sarawakiensis''.html" ;"title="Nepenthes x sarawakiensis">N. × sarawakiensis''">Nepenthes x sarawakiensis">N. × sarawakiensis''ref name=Clarke /> * '' N. nigra'' × ''N. tentaculata'' * '' N. pitopangii'' × ''N. tentaculata''McPherson, S.R. 2011. Discovery of a new population of ''Nepenthes pitopangii''. In: '' New Nepenthes: Volume One''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 506–515. *'' N. rajah'' × ''N. tentaculata'' *'' N. reinwardtiana'' × ''N. tentaculata'' N._murudensis''.html" ;"title="?'' N. murudensis''">?'' N. murudensis''ref name=Clarke /> *'' N. stenophylla'' × ''N. tentaculata''

''Nepenthes × sarawakensis''

The natural hybrid ''N. muluensis'' × ''N. tentaculata'' was described as '' N. × sarawakiensis'' in 1993 by J. H. Adam, C. C. Wilcock, and M. D. Swaine.Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1993. One New Natural Hybrid of ''Nepenthes'' from Mt. Mulu. ''Sarawak Museum Journal'' 43: 291–294. The authors distinguished the

taxon In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...

from ''N. muluensis'' on the basis of its branched

spur A spur is a metal tool designed to be worn in pairs on the heels of riding boots for the purpose of directing a horse or other animal to move forward or laterally while riding. It is usually used to refine the riding aids (commands) and to back ...

and the presence of fringe hairs on the top of the lid. They also compared the distribution of

phenol Phenol (also called carbolic acid) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula . It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile. The molecule consists of a phenyl group () bonded to a hydroxy group (). Mildly acidic, it req ...

ic compounds in the leaves of ''N. muluensis'' and the hybrid, although they did so without specifying the number of plants studied or the number of repetitions performed. As a result, doubts have been raised over the existence of this hybrid.

writes that the authors described ''N. × sarawakiensis'' "in such a way that their work cannot be easily repeated". Although this natural hybrid is likely to exist, it is possible that ''N. × sarawakiensis'' was described based on specimens of ''N. muluensis'' with lower pitchers. In 2002, phytochemical screening and analytical chromatography were used to study the presence of phenolic compounds and

leucoanthocyanin Leucoanthocyanidin (flavan-3,4-diols) are colorless chemical compounds related to anthocyanidins and anthocyanins. Leucoanthocyanins can be found in ''Anadenanthera peregrina'' and in several species of ''Nepenthes'' including '' N. burbidgeae ...

s in ''N. × sarawakiensis'' and its putative parent species. The research was based on leaf material from dry herbarium specimens. Eight spots containing

phenolic acid Phenolic acids or phenolcarboxylic acids are types of aromatic acid compounds. Included in that class are substances containing a phenolic ring and an organic carboxylic acid function (C6-C1 skeleton). Two important naturally occurring types of ...

flavonol Flavonols are a class of flavonoids that have the 3-hydroxyflavone backbone (IUPAC name : 3-hydroxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one). Their diversity stems from the different positions of the phenolic -OH groups. They are distinct from flavanols (with "a ...

s, flavones,

s and 'unknown

flavonoid Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids; from the Latin word ''flavus'', meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in the diets of humans. Chemically, flavonoids ...

s' 1 and 3 were identified from chromatographic profiles. The distributions of these in ''N. × sarawakiensis'', ''N. muluensis'' and ''N. tentaculata'' are shown in the adjacent table. A specimen of ''N. × sarawakiensis'' grown from

tissue culture Tissue culture is the growth of tissues or cells in an artificial medium separate from the parent organism. This technique is also called micropropagation. This is typically facilitated via use of a liquid, semi-solid, or solid growth medium, su ...

(''

in vitro ''In vitro'' (meaning in glass, or ''in the glass'') studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context. Colloquially called "test-tube experiments", these studies in biology an ...

'') was also tested. Phenolic acid, 'Unknown Flavonoid 1' and

cyanidin Cyanidin is a natural organic compound. It is a particular type of anthocyanidin (glycoside version called anthocyanins). It is a pigment found in many red berries including grapes, bilberry, blackberry, blueberry, cherry, chokeberry, cranb ...

were undetected in ''N. muluensis'', while ''N. tentaculata'' lacked

quercetin Quercetin is a plant flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols. It is found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, seeds, and grains; capers, red onions, and kale are common foods containing appreciable amounts of it. It has a bitter flavor a ...

luteolin Luteolin is a flavone, a type of flavonoid, with a yellow crystalline appearance. Luteolin is the principal yellow dye compound that is obtained from the plant '' Reseda luteola'', which has been used as a source of the dye since at least the f ...

, 'Unknown Flavonoid 3', and cyanidin. Chromatographic patterns of the ''N. × sarawakiensis'' samples studied showed complementation of its putative parental species.

Myricetin Myricetin is a member of the flavonoid class of polyphenolic compounds, with antioxidant properties. Common dietary sources include vegetables (including tomatoes), fruits (including oranges), nuts, berries, tea, and red wine. Myricetin is structu ...

was found to be absent from all studied taxa. This agrees with the findings of previous authorsSom, R.M. 1988. Systematic studies on ''Nepenthes'' species and hybrids in the Malay Peninsula. PhD thesis, Fakulti Sains Hayat, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan. and suggests that the absence of a widely distributed compound like myricetin among the ''Nepenthes'' examined might provide additional diagnostic information for these

taxa In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...

Notes

:a.The

description of ''N. tentaculata'' from Danser's monograph reads:

''Folia mediocria'' sessilia, lamina elliptica ad lanceolata, nervis longitudinalibus utrinque 2–8, plerumque 4, basi profunde oblique amplicauli fere, in alas 2 decurrente ; ''ascidia rosularum'' ignota ; ''ascidia inferiora'' parva, ovato-conica, alis 2 fimbriatis, peristomio operculum versus acuminato, cylindrico, ad l l/2 mm lato, costis c. 1/2 mm distantibus v. indistinctis, dentibus 0 ; operculo ovato, facie exteriore plerumque appendicibus filiformibus, superea basi fascibus 2 filorum ramosorum, facie inferiore plana ; ''ascidia superiora'' magnitudine mediocria, subtubulosa, parte inferiore paulum dilatata, alis 2 fimbriatis raro costis 2 prominentibus ; peristomio operculum versus acuminato, cylindrico v. applanato, 1–5 mm lato, costis 1/2-1/3 mm distantibus, saepe indistinctis, dentibus 0 ; operculo ovato raro rotundato-elliptico, facie superiore plerumque appendicibus filiformibus, prope basim 2 fascibus filorum ramosorum, facie inferiore plana ; ''inflorescentia'' racemus parvus pedicellis plerumque 2–4, raro ad 15 mm longis, omnibus 1-floris ; ''indumentum'' in ascidiis iuvenilibus et in inflorescentiis parcum stellatum adpressum, ceterum 0.

References

External links

* Danser, B.H. 1928
44. ''Nepenthes tentaculata'' HOOK. F.
In:

. ''Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg'', Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438. {{Taxonbar, from=Q150528 Carnivorous plants of Asia

tentaculata Tentaculata is a class of comb jellies. The common feature of this class is a pair of long, feathery, contractile tentacles, which can be retracted into specialised ciliated sheaths. In some species, the primary tentacles are reduced and they ...

Flora of Borneo Flora of Sulawesi Plants described in 1873