|
Khorasani Style (poetry)
Khorāsānī style (Persian: ''sabk-i Khorāsānī'' 'the style of Khurāsān', also known as ''sabk-i Turkistānī'' 'the style of Turkistan', also transliterated ''Khurāsānī'') was a movement in Persian poetry associated with the court of the Ghaznavids, associated with Greater Khorasan (now divided between Iran, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan). History The term was coined in the early twentieth century. It is traditionally considered to characterise the first period of New Persian poetry, running from the ninth century CE into the second half of the twelfth. It is characterized by its plain poetic technique, concrete images and metaphors, and some archaic linguistic features. While showing limited use of Arabic loan-words, poetry in this style was influenced by Arabic verse, particularly in terms of its prosody, and the dominant genre was the praise-poem. The Khurāsānī period was succeeded by the '' sabk-i ‘Irāqī'' ('style of Iraq'), with its greater use of Arabisms, mor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ghaznavids
The Ghaznavid dynasty ( fa, غزنویان ''Ġaznaviyān'') was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic ''mamluk'' origin, ruling, at its greatest extent, large parts of Persia, Khorasan, much of Transoxiana and the northwest Indian subcontinent from 977 to 1186. The dynasty was founded by Sabuktigin upon his succession to the rule of Ghazna after the death of his father-in-law, Alp Tigin, who was an ex-general of the Samanid Empire from Balkh, north of the Hindu Kush in Greater Khorasan. Sabuktigin's son, Mahmud of Ghazni, expanded the Ghaznavid Empire to the Amu Darya, the Indus River and the Indian Ocean in the east and to Rey and Hamadan in the west. Under the reign of Mas'ud I, the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the Seljuk dynasty after the Battle of Dandanaqan, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan (Punjab and Balochistan). In 1151, Sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazni to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Greater Khorasan
Greater Khorāsān,Dabeersiaghi, Commentary on Safarnâma-e Nâsir Khusraw, 6th Ed. Tehran, Zavvâr: 1375 (Solar Hijri Calendar) 235–236 or Khorāsān ( pal, Xwarāsān; fa, خراسان ), is a historical eastern region in the Iranian Plateau between Western and Central Asia. The name ''Khorāsān'' is Persian and means "where the sun arrives from" or "the Eastern Province".Sykes, M. (1914). "Khorasan: The Eastern Province of Persia". ''Journal of the Royal Society of Arts'', 62(3196), 279-286.A compound of ''khwar'' (meaning "sun") and ''āsān'' (from ''āyān'', literally meaning "to come" or "coming" or "about to come"). Thus the name ''Khorasan'' (or ''Khorāyān'' ) means "sunrise", viz. " Orient, East"Humbach, Helmut, and Djelani Davari, "Nāmé Xorāsān", Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Persian translation by Djelani Davari, published in Iranian Languages Studies Website. MacKenzie, D. (1971). ''A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary'' (p. 95). London: Oxford University ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Persian
New Persian ( fa, فارسی نو), also known as Modern Persian () and Dari (), is the current stage of the Persian language spoken since the 8th to 9th centuries until now in Greater Iran and surroundings. It is conventionally divided into three stages: Early New Persian (8th/9th centuries), Classical Persian (10th–18th centuries), and Contemporary Persian (19th century to present). Dari is a name given to the New Persian language since the 10th century, widely used in Arabic (compare Al-Estakhri, Al-Muqaddasi and Ibn Hawqal) and Persian texts. Since 1964, it has been the official name in Afghanistan for the Persian spoken there. Classification New Persian is a member of the Western Iranian group of the Iranian languages, which make up a branch of the Indo-European languages in their Indo-Iranian subdivision. The Western Iranian languages themselves are divided into two subgroups: Southwestern Iranian languages, of which Persian is the most widely spoken, and Northweste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asjadi
Abu Nazar ʿAbdul ʿAziz bin Mansur ʿAsjadi ( fa, ابونظر عبدالعزیز بن منصور عسجدی) was a 10th-11th century royal Persian poet of the Ghaznavid empire located in the Ghazni province of today's Afghanistan. Originating from Merv, and in some accounts Herat, he was a follower of the panegyric school of poetry of Unsuri in Khorasan, and was a companion of Farrukhi Sistani and Ferdowsi as well. His Divan was already unavailable by the 15th century (if not earlier) and is unknown though around 200 of his verses had been recorded elsewhere. A quatrain attributed to Asjadi was translated by Edward Granville Browne as follows:''I do repent of wine and talk of wine,'' ''Of idols fair with charms like silver fine:'' ''A lip-repentance and a lustful heart—'' ''O God, forgive this penitence of mine!'' Another verse, quoted in the Qabus-Nama and attributed to Asjadi, is also translated by Browne: "In youth or age did the question lie, / The young would live and th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Farrukhi Sistani
Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Julugh Farrukhi Sistani ( fa, ابوالحسن علی بن جولوغ فرخی سیستانی), better known as Farrukhi Sistani (; – 1040) was one of the most prominent Persian court poets in the history of Persian literature. Initially serving a '' dehqan'' in Sistan and the Muhtajids in Chaghaniyan, Farrukhi entered the service of the Ghaznavids in 1017, where he became the panegyrist of its rulers, Mahmud () and Mas'ud I (), as well as numerous viziers and princes. Background Farrukhi was born in in Sistan, a region extending across the border between eastern Iran and what is now southern Afghanistan. At that time Sistan was under Saffarid rule. Farrukhi's father Julugh was a high-ranking military slave (''ghulam'') of the Saffarid king Khalaf ibn Ahmad (). The origins of Julugh are unclear. Regardless, Farrukhi grew up in a Muslim Persian-speaking environment, and was essentially a Persian. In 1003, the Saffarid dynasty was abolished by the Ghaznavid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unsuri
Abul Qasim Hasan Unsuri Balkhi ( fa, ابوالقاسم حسن عنصری بلخی; died 1039/1040) was a 10–11th century Persian poet. ‘Unṣurī is said to have been born in Balkh, today located in Afghanistan, and he eventually became a poet of the royal court of Mahmud of Ghazni, and was given the title ''Malik-us Shu'ara'' (King of Poets) under Sultan Maḥmūd of Ghazna. His ''Divan'' is said to have contained 30,000 distichs, of which only 2500 remain today. It includes the romance epic ''Vāmiq u ‘Adhrā''. The following dialog between an eagle and a crow, translated by Iraj Bashiri, is an example. In it the King of Poets, Unsuri, compares his own status vis-a-vis that of a young poet who has joined the court recently. The Eagle and The Crow: A Dialogue Translated by Iraj Bashiri: :A dialogue occurred, I happen to know, :Betwixt the white eagle and the crow. :Birds we are, said the crow, in the main, :Friends we are, and thus we shall remain. :Birds we are, agr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manuchihri
Abu Najm Aḥmad ibn Qauṣ ibn Aḥmad Manūčihrī ( fa, ابونجم احمد ابن قوص ابن احمد منوچهری دامغانی), a.k.a. Manuchehri Dāmghānī ( fl. 1031–1040), was an eleventh-century court poet in Persia and in the estimation of J. W. Clinton, 'the third and last (after ʿUnṣurī and Farrukhī) of the major panegyrists of the early Ghaznawid court'.J. W. Clinton, 'Manūčihrī', in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', ed. by P. Bearman and others, 2nd edn (Leiden: Brill, 1960-2007), , . Among his poems is " The Turkish harpist". Life According to J. W. Clinton, 'very little is known of his life, and that little is derived exclusively from his poetry. Later ''tadhkira'' writers have expanded and distorted this modicum of information with a few, readily refuted speculations'. Manuchehri's epithet ''Dāmghānī'' indicates that he was from Damghan in Iran, and his poetry shows an encyclopaedic familiarity with Arabic and Persian verse which was presumab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rudaki
Rudaki (also spelled Rodaki; fa, رودکی; 858 – 940/41) was a Persian poet, singer and musician, who served as a court poet under the Samanids. He is regarded as the first major poet to write in New Persian. Said to have composed more than 180,000 verses, only a small portion of his work has survived, most notably a small part of his versification of the ''Kalila wa-Dimna'', a collection of Indian fables. Born in the village of Panjrudak (then a suburb of Samarqand), the most important part of Rudaki's career was spent at the court of the Samanids. While biographical information connects him to the Samanid ''amir'' (ruler) Nasr II (), he may have already joined the court under the latter's predecessor, Ahmad Samani (). Rudaki's success was largely due to the support of his primary patron, the vizier Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami (died 940), who played an important role in the blooming of New Persian literature in the 10th-century. Following the downfall of Bal'ami in 937, Rudaki's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arslan-Shah Of Ghazna
Arslan-Shah of Ghazna (full name: ''Sultan ad-Dawlah Abul-Moluk Arslan-Shah ibn Mas'ud'') (b. ? – d. 1118) was the Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire from 1116 to 1117 C.E. Biography In 1116, he overthrew his older brother Shir-Zad, took the Ghaznavid throne, and blinded or imprisoned his remaining brothers, except Bahram who was in Zamindawar. Arslan-Shah also appointed Abu'l-Fath Yusuf as his ''vizier''. After being initially defeated by Arslan at Tiginabad, Bahram, appealed to Seljuk Sultan Ahmad Sanjar, whose sister, Gawhar Khatun, was greatly offended at the conduct of her eldest son Arslan ibn Mas'ud, towards the rest. Incited by her and perhaps by his own ambitious views Sanjar called on Arslan to release his brothers and on his refusal marched against him with an army of 30,000 cavalry and 50,000 infantry. Arslan was defeated after an obstinate engagement and fled to Ghazna. There, on the plain outside Ghazna, Arslan was decisively defeated and fled to India, where he w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
‘Uthmān Mukhtārī
Abū ‘Umar ‘Uthmān b. ‘Umar Mukhtārī Ghaznavī (born c. 467/1074-75, died 513×15/1118×21) was a Persian poet of the Ghaznavids, an empire originating from Ghazna located in Afghanistan. He had patrons at the courts of the Qarakhānids, the Seljūqs of Kirman, and the Ismaili ruler of Tabas. In the assessment of A. A. Seyed-Gohrab, in Persian literary history, he is known for his detailed and extensive poetic descriptions ('' vaṣf'') and his interest in literary riddles. His ability lies first of all in the minute description of courtly events such as royal banquets, hunting grounds, battlefields, and Islamic and pre-Islamic Persian festivals. Originating from Ghazna, he is thought to have written the ''Shahryar-nama'', which describes the struggles of Muslims against Indian heathens during the Ghaznavid era. The epic was composed in 3 years. Parts of it remain in the British Museum. While at Tabas in 500-508 (1105–13), he composed the ''Hunar-nāma'', dedicatin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persian Literature
Persian literature ( fa, ادبیات فارسی, Adabiyâte fârsi, ) comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and is one of the world's oldest literatures. It spans over two-and-a-half millennia. Its sources have been within Greater Iran including present-day Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, the Caucasus, and Turkey, regions of Central Asia (such as Tajikistan) and South Asia where the Persian language has historically been either the native or official language. For example, Rumi, one of the best-loved Persian poets, born in Balkh (in modern-day Afghanistan) or Wakhsh (in modern-day Tajikistan), wrote in Persian and lived in Konya (in modern-day Turkey), at that time the capital of the Seljuks in Anatolia. The Ghaznavids conquered large territories in Central and South Asia and adopted Persian as their court language. There is thus Persian literature from Iran, Mesopotamia, Azerbaijan, the wider Caucasus, Turkey, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Tajikist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
