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Kamil Giżycki
Kamil Giżycki (19 August 1893, at Grybów – 19 April 1968, at Wrocław) was a Polish writer, traveler, engineer, and soldier for Austria-Hungary during World War I, the Polish Siberian Brigade during the Polish–Soviet War, the White Army during the Russian Civil War, and, later, the Polish Home Army during the Invasion of Poland. Biography Education Giżycki studied at the famous Jesuit school Zakład Naukowo-Wychowawczy Ojców Jezuitów w Chyrowie in Khyriv. He graduated from Technical University of Munich. Military career World War I During World War I he served in Austro-Hungarian army and he was injured and captured by Russian soldiers. As a prisoner of war Giżycki was sent to Siberia. Polish-Soviet War After the outbreak of the February Revolution of 1917, Giżycki served in Czechoslovak Legions, but later joined the Polish 5th Division in January 1919, with whom he fought against the Bolsheviks. Russian Civil War and the White movement In January ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kamil Giżycki
Kamil Giżycki (19 August 1893, at Grybów – 19 April 1968, at Wrocław) was a Polish writer, traveler, engineer, and soldier for Austria-Hungary during World War I, the Polish Siberian Brigade during the Polish–Soviet War, the White Army during the Russian Civil War, and, later, the Polish Home Army during the Invasion of Poland. Biography Education Giżycki studied at the famous Jesuit school Zakład Naukowo-Wychowawczy Ojców Jezuitów w Chyrowie in Khyriv. He graduated from Technical University of Munich. Military career World War I During World War I he served in Austro-Hungarian army and he was injured and captured by Russian soldiers. As a prisoner of war Giżycki was sent to Siberia. Polish-Soviet War After the outbreak of the February Revolution of 1917, Giżycki served in Czechoslovak Legions, but later joined the Polish 5th Division in January 1919, with whom he fought against the Bolsheviks. Russian Civil War and the White movement In January ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
February Revolution
The February Revolution ( rus, Февра́льская револю́ция, r=Fevral'skaya revolyutsiya, p=fʲɪvˈralʲskəjə rʲɪvɐˈlʲutsɨjə), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and sometimes as the March Revolution, was the first of two revolutions which took place in Russia in 1917. The main events of the revolution took place in and near Petrograd (present-day Saint Petersburg), the then-capital of Russia, where long-standing discontent with the monarchy erupted into mass protests against food rationing on 23 February Old Style (8 March New Style). Revolutionary activity lasted about eight days, involving mass demonstrations and violent armed clashes with police and gendarmes, the last loyal forces of the Russian monarchy. On 27 February O.S. (12 March N.S.) the forces of the capital's garrison sided with the revolutionaries. Three days later Tsar Nicholas II abdicated, ending Romanov dynastic rule and the Russian Empi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Of Buryat-Mongolia
The State of Buryat-Mongolia ( Buryat: ''Буряад-Монгол улас'' ''ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠠᠳ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠰ'') was a buffer Buryat-Mongolian state,''Бабаков В. В.'', Бурнацком - Бурнардума: первый опыт национально-государственного строительства в Бурятии, Улан-Удэ, 1997 г. during the Russian Civil War. It was established according to by the first All-Buryat congress on 25 April 1917. The main government body was Burnatskom, the Buryat National Committee. After the collapse of the Soviet regime under the advance of the Whites and the Czechoslovakian division, the State of Buryat-Mongolia was recognized by the Soviets in 1918, and later by Grigory Semyonov's Government of Transbaikalia. The state de facto ceased to exist after the formation of the Far Eastern Republic, which divided Buryat-Mongolia in two: 4 ''aimags'' became part of the Far Eastern Republic, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ulan-Ude
Ulan-Ude (; bua, Улаан-Үдэ, , ; russian: Улан-Удэ, p=ʊˈlan ʊˈdɛ; mn, Улаан-Үд, , ) is the capital city of the Republic of Buryatia, Russia, located about southeast of Lake Baikal on the Uda River at its confluence with the Selenga. According to the 2021 Census, 437,565 people lived in Ulan-Ude; up from 404,426 recorded in the 2010 Census, making the city the third-largest in the Russian Far East by population. Names Ulan-Ude was first called Udinskoye (, ) for its location on the Uda River. It was founded as a small fort in 1666. From around 1735, the settlement was called Udinsk (, ) and was granted town status under that name in 1775. It was renamed Verkhneudinsk (, ; "Upper Udinsk") in 1783, to differentiate it from Nizhneudinsk ("Lower Udinsk") lying on a different Uda River near Irkutsk which was granted town status that year. The descriptors "upper" and "lower" refer to the positions of the two cities relative to each other, rather than the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transbaikalia
Transbaikal, Trans-Baikal, Transbaikalia ( rus, Забайка́лье, r=Zabaykalye, p=zəbɐjˈkalʲjɪ), or Dauria (, ''Dauriya'') is a mountainous region to the east of or "beyond" (trans-) Lake Baikal in Far Eastern Russia. The steppe and wetland landscapes of Dauria are protected by the Daurian Nature Reserve, which forms part of a World Heritage Site named "The Landscapes of Dauria". Etymology The alternative name of the Transbaikal, ''Dauria'', derives from the ethnonym of the former inhabitants, the Daur people, whom Russian explorers first encountered in 1640. Geography Dauria stretches for almost 1,000 km from north to south from the Patom Plateau and North Baikal Plateau to the Russian state borders with Mongolia and China. The Transbaikal region covers more than 1,000 km from west to east from Lake Baikal to the meridian of the confluence of the Shilka and Argun Rivers. To the west and north lies the Irkutsk Oblast; to the north the Republic of Sak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemical Warfare
Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons. This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare, biological warfare and radiological warfare, which together make up CBRN, the military acronym for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (warfare or weapons), all of which are considered "weapons of mass destruction" (WMDs), a term that contrasts with conventional weapons. The use of chemical weapons is prohibited under customary international humanitarian law. Definition Chemical warfare is different from the use of conventional weapons or nuclear weapons because the destructive effects of chemical weapons are not primarily due to any explosive force. The offensive use of living organisms (such as anthrax) is considered biological warfare rather than chemical warfare; however, the use of nonliving toxic products produced by living organisms (e.g. toxins such as botulinum toxin, ricin, and saxitoxin) ''is'' consider ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hand Grenades
A grenade is an explosive weapon typically thrown by hand (also called hand grenade), but can also refer to a shell (explosive projectile) shot from the muzzle of a rifle (as a rifle grenade) or a grenade launcher. A modern hand grenade generally consists of an explosive charge ("filler"), a detonator mechanism, an internal striker to trigger the detonator, and a safety lever secured by a cotter pin. The user removes the safety pin before throwing, and once the grenade leaves the hand the safety lever gets released, allowing the striker to trigger a primer that ignites a fuze (sometimes called the delay element), which burns down to the detonator and explodes the main charge. Grenades work by dispersing fragments (fragmentation grenades), shockwaves (high-explosive, anti-tank and stun grenades), chemical aerosols (smoke and gas grenades) or fire ( incendiary grenades). Fragmentation grenades ("frags") are probably the most common in modern armies, and when the wor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Land Mines
A land mine is an explosive device concealed under or on the ground and designed to destroy or disable enemy targets, ranging from combatants to vehicles and tanks, as they pass over or near it. Such a device is typically detonated automatically by way of pressure when a target steps on it or drives over it, although other detonation mechanisms are also sometimes used. A land mine may cause damage by direct blast effect, by fragments that are thrown by the blast, or by both. Landmines are typically laid throughout an area, creating a ''minefield'' which is dangerous to cross. The use of land mines is controversial because of their potential as indiscriminate weapons. They can remain dangerous many years after a conflict has ended, harming civilians and the economy. Seventy-eight countries are contaminated with land mines and 15,000–20,000 people are killed every year while many more are injured. Approximately 80% of land mine casualties are civilians, with children as the m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asiatic Cavalry Division
The Asiatic Cavalry Division () was a White Army cavalry division during the Russian Civil War. The division was composed of Russians, Buryats, Tatars, Bashkirs, Mongols of different tribes, Chinese, Manchu, Polish exiles and many others. Formation The division was formed in Transbaikal by Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg on 28 May 1919. It consisted of the remnants from the White Army's disbanded Native Horse Corps. It was 8,000-man strong. History Since 18 March 1920, it was directly subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief of all the Russian Eastern Regions' armed forces, Ataman Semenov, and from 21 May 1920, in the Far Eastern Army. After Kolchak's defeat at the hands of the Red Army and the subsequent decision of Japan to withdraw its expeditionary troops from the Transbaikal, Semyonov, unable to withstand the pressure of Bolshevik forces, planned a retreat to Manchuria. Ungern, however, saw it as an opportunity to implement his monarchist plan. On 7 August 1920, he br ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Ungern Von Sternberg
Nikolai Robert Maximilian Freiherr von Ungern-Sternberg (russian: link=no, Роман Фёдорович фон Унгерн-Штернберг, translit=Roman Fedorovich fon Ungern-Shternberg; 10 January 1886 – 15 September 1921), often referred to as Roman von Ungern-Sternberg or Baron Ungern, was an anticommunist general in the Russian Civil War and then an independent warlord who intervened in Mongolia against China. A part of the Russian Empire's Baltic German minority, Ungern was an ultraconservative monarchist who aspired to restore the Russian monarchy after the 1917 Russian Revolutions and to revive the Mongol Empire under the rule of the Bogd Khan. His attraction to Vajrayana Buddhism and his eccentric, often violent, treatment of enemies and his own men earned him the sobriquet "the Mad Baron" or "the Bloody Baron". In February 1921, at the head of the Asiatic Cavalry Division, Ungern expelled Chinese troops from Mongolia and restored the monarchic power of the Bogd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bogd Khanate Of Mongolia
The Bogd Khanate of Mongolia ( mn, , Богд хаант Монгол Улс; ) was the government of Outer Mongolia between 1911 and 1919 and again from 1921 to 1924. By the spring of 1911, some prominent Mongol nobles including Prince Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren persuaded the Jebstundamba Khutukhtu to convene a meeting of nobles and ecclesiastical officials to discuss independence from Qing China. On 30 November 1911 the Mongols established the Temporary Government of Khalkha. On 29 December 1911 the Mongols declared their independence from the collapsing Qing dynasty following the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution. They installed as theocratic sovereign the 8th Bogd Gegeen, highest authority of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia, who took the title ''Bogd Khan'' or "Holy Ruler". The Bogd Khaan was last khagan of the Mongols. This ushered in the period of "Theocratic Mongolia", and the realm of the Bogd Khan is usually known as the "Bogd Khanate". Three historical currents wer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tannu Uriankhai
Tannu Uriankhai ( tyv, Таңды Урянхай, ; mn, Тагна Урианхай, Tagna Urianhai, ; ) is a historical region of the Mongol Empire (and its principal successor, the Yuan dynasty) and, later, the Qing dynasty. The territory of Tannu Uriankhai largely corresponds to the modern-day Tuva Republic of the Russian Federation, neighboring areas in Russia, and a small part of the modern state of Mongolia. ''Tannu'' designates the Tannu-ola Mountains in the region. ''Uriankhai'' was the Mongolian name for the Tuvans (and accordingly their realm), which meant "the people living in the woods" (). After Outer Mongolia declared independence from the Qing dynasty and Republic of China in the early 20th century, the region of Tannu Uriankhai increasingly came under Russian influence and finally became an independent communist state, the Tuvan People's Republic, which was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944. Sovereignty over the area has not been officially renounced by the R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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