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Kalapuyan
Kalapuyan (also Kalapuya) is a small extinct language family that was spoken in the Willamette Valley of Western Oregon, United States. It consists of three languages. The Kalapuya language is currently in a state of revival. Kalapuyan descendants in the southernmost Kalapuya region of Yoncalla, Oregon published 100 copies of a comprehensive dictionary, with plans to expand. Family division Kalapuyan consists of : 1. Northern Kalapuya ''†'' (also known as Tualatin– Yamhill) : 2. Central Kalapuya ''†'' (several dialects, including Santiam) : 3. Yoncalla ''†'' (also known as Southern Kalapuya) Genetic relations Kalapuyan is usually connected with the various Penutian proposals, originally as part of an ''Oregon Penutian'' branch along with Takelma, Siuslaw, Alsea and Coosan. A special relationship with Takelma had been proposed, together forming a " Takelma–Kalapuyan" or "Takelman" family. However, an unpublished paper by Tarpent & Kendall (1998) finds this rela ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Takelma–Kalapuyan Languages
The Takelma–Kalapuyan languages (also Takelman) are a proposed small language family that comprises the Kalapuyan languages and Takelma, which were formerly spoken in the Willamette Valley and the Rogue Valley in Oregon. Proposal The idea of a special relation between Takelma and the Kalapuyan languages was first developed by Leo Frachtenberg (1918), who listed 55 lexical correspondences between Takelma and Central Kalapuya. Based on Frachtenberg's observations, Edward Sapir (1921) included both Takelma and Kalapuyan in his extended version of the Penutian "stock", listing them however as individual members without positing a special relationship between the two. The first explicit proposal for a family comprising only Takelma and Kalapuyan (as member of the Penutian "stock") was made by Morris Swadesh (1965) in a lexicostatistic study, who found a lexical similarity of 48% between Takelma and Kalapuyan, although this figure was based on rather bold assumptions about ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalapuya People
The Kalapuya are a Native Americans in the United States, Native American ethnic group, people, which had eight independent groups speaking three mutually intelligible dialects. The Kalapuya tribes' traditional homelands were the Willamette Valley of present-day western Oregon in the United States, an area bounded by the Cascade Range to the east, the Oregon Coast Range at the west, the Columbia River at the north, to the Calapooya Mountains of the Umpqua River at the south. Today, most Kalapuya people are enrolled in the federally recognized Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon; in addition, some are members of the Confederated Tribes of the Siletz. In both cases descendants have often intermarried with people of other tribes in the confederated tribes, and are counted in overall tribal numbers, rather than separately. Most of the Kalapuya descendants live at the Grand Ronde Community, Grand Ronde reservation, located in Yamhill and Polk counties. Name T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalapuya
The Kalapuya are a Native Americans in the United States, Native American ethnic group, people, which had eight independent groups speaking three mutually intelligible dialects. The Kalapuya tribes' traditional homelands were the Willamette Valley of present-day western Oregon in the United States, an area bounded by the Cascade Range to the east, the Oregon Coast Range at the west, the Columbia River at the north, to the Calapooya Mountains of the Umpqua River at the south. Today, most Kalapuya people are enrolled in the federally recognized Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon; in addition, some are members of the Confederated Tribes of the Siletz. In both cases descendants have often intermarried with people of other tribes in the confederated tribes, and are counted in overall tribal numbers, rather than separately. Most of the Kalapuya descendants live at the Grand Ronde Community, Grand Ronde reservation, located in Yamhill and Polk counties. Name T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalapuyan Languages
Kalapuyan (also Kalapuya) is a small extinct language family that was spoken in the Willamette Valley of Western Oregon, United States. It consists of three languages. The Kalapuya language is currently in a state of revival. Kalapuyan descendants in the southernmost Kalapuya region of Yoncalla, Oregon published 100 copies of a comprehensive dictionary, with plans to expand. Family division Kalapuyan consists of : 1. Northern Kalapuya ''†'' (also known as Tualatin– Yamhill) : 2. Central Kalapuya ''†'' (several dialects, including Santiam) : 3. Yoncalla ''†'' (also known as Southern Kalapuya) Genetic relations Kalapuyan is usually connected with the various Penutian proposals, originally as part of an ''Oregon Penutian'' branch along with Takelma, Siuslaw, Alsea and Coosan. A special relationship with Takelma had been proposed, together forming a " Takelma–Kalapuyan" or "Takelman" family. However, an unpublished paper by Tarpent & Kendall (1998) finds this rela ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Penutian
Penutian is a proposed grouping of language families that includes many Native American languages of western North America, predominantly spoken at one time in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California. The existence of a Penutian stock or phylum has been the subject of debate among specialists. Even the unity of some of its component families has been disputed. Some of the problems in the comparative study of languages within the phylum are the result of their early extinction and limited documentation. Some of the more recently proposed subgroupings of Penutian have been convincingly demonstrated. The Miwokan and the Costanoan languages have been grouped into an Utian language family by Catherine Callaghan. Callaghan has more recently provided evidence supporting a grouping of Utian and Yokutsan into a Yok-Utian family. There also seems to be convincing evidence for the Plateau Penutian grouping (originally named ''Shahapwailutan'' by J. N. B. Hewitt and John Wesle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Penutian Languages
Penutian is a proposed grouping of language families that includes many Native American languages of western North America, predominantly spoken at one time in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California. The existence of a Penutian stock or phylum has been the subject of debate among specialists. Even the unity of some of its component families has been disputed. Some of the problems in the comparative study of languages within the phylum are the result of their early extinction and limited documentation. Some of the more recently proposed subgroupings of Penutian have been convincingly demonstrated. The Miwokan and the Costanoan languages have been grouped into an Utian language family by Catherine Callaghan. Callaghan has more recently provided evidence supporting a grouping of Utian and Yokutsan into a Yok-Utian family. There also seems to be convincing evidence for the Plateau Penutian grouping (originally named ''Shahapwailutan'' by J. N. B. Hewitt and John Wesl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Takelma Language
Takelma was the language spoken by the Latgawa and Takelma people and Cow Creek band of Upper Umpqua. It was first extensively described by Edward Sapir in his graduate thesis, ''The Takelma Language of Southwestern Oregon''. The last fluent speaker of Takelma, with whom Sapir worked while writing about the language, was Frances Johnson (Gwísgwashãn). A dictionary from English to Takelma is currently being created in the hopes it can be revived. Dialects *Latgawa dialect, spoken in southwestern Oregon along the upper Rogue River *Lowland ( Takelma) dialect, spoken in southwestern Oregon in the Rogue Valley There was possibly a Cow Creek dialect spoken in southwestern Oregon along the South Umpqua River, Myrtle Creek, and Cow Creek. Genealogical relations Takelma is commonly included in the controversial Penutian macro-family, as first suggested by Edward Sapir. Within Penutian, Takelma has been grouped together with the Kalapuyan languages in a " Takelma–Kalapuyan" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Kalapuya Language
Central Kalapuyan was a Kalapuyan language indigenous to the central and southern Willamette Valley in Oregon in the United States. It was spoken by various bands of the Kalapuya peoples who inhabited the valley up through the middle of the 19th century. The language is closely related to Northern Kalapuya, spoken in the Tualatin and Yamhill valleys. Dialects of Central Kalapuya that have been identified include: *Ahantchuyuk dialect, spoken in the northeastern Willamette Valley along the Pudding and Molalla rivers *Santiam dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along the lower Santiam River *Luckiamute dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along the Luckiamute River *Chepenafa dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along Marys River *Chemapho dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along Muddy Creek *Chelamela dialect, spoken in the southwestern Willamette Valley along the Long Tom River *Tsankupi dialect, spoken in the southeastern W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yoncalla Language
Yoncalla (also Southern Kalapuya or Yonkalla) is an extinct Kalapuyan language once spoken in southwest Oregon in the United States. In the 19th century it was spoken by the Yoncalla band of the Kalapuya people in the Umpqua River valley. It is closely related to Central Kalapuya and Northern Kalapuya, spoken in the Willamette Valley The Willamette Valley ( ) is a long valley in Oregon, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The Willamette River flows the entire length of the valley and is surrounded by mountains on three sides: the Cascade Range to the eas ... to the north. The last known user of the language was Laura Blackery Albertson, who attested to being a partial speaker in 1937. References External links OLAC resources in and about the Southern Kalapuya language Kalapuyan languages Indigenous languages of Oregon Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast Languages of the United States Extinct languages of North America Lan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Northern Kalapuya Language
Northern Kalapuyan is an extinct Kalapuyan language indigenous to northwestern Oregon in the United States. It was spoken by Kalapuya groups in the northern Willamette Valley southwest of present-day Portland. Three distinct dialects of the language have been identified. The Tualatin dialect (Tfalati, Atfalati) was spoken along the Tualatin River. The Yamhill (Yamhala) dialect was spoken along the Yamhill River. The language is closely related to Central Kalapuya, spoken by related groups in the central and southern Willamette Valley. The terminal speaker Within the linguistic study of endangered languages, sociolinguists distinguish between different speaker types based on the type of competence they have acquired of the endangered language. Often when a community is gradually shifting away from ... of Northern Kalapuya was Louis Kenoyer who died in 1937. References Kalapuyan languages Indigenous languages of Oregon Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tualatin People
The Atfalati , also known as the Tualatin or Wapato Lake IndiansRobert H. Ruby, John A. Brown & Cary C. Collins, Atfalati, in ''A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest'' (3d ed. 2010, University of Oklahoma Press) are a tribe of the Kalapuya Native Americans who originally inhabited and continue to steward some 24 villages on the Tualatin Plains in the northwest part of the U.S. state of Oregon; the Atfalati also live in the hills around Forest Grove, along Wapato Lake and the north fork of the Yamhill River, and into areas of Southern Portland. The Atfalati speak the Tualatin-Yamhill (Northern Kalapuya) language, which is one of the three Kalapuyan languages. History and culture Atfalati people ranged around the valley, engaged in a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Primary food stuffs included deer, camas root, fish, berries, elk, and various nuts. To encourage the growth of the camas plant and maintain habitat beneficial to deer and elk, the group burned the valley ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Languages Of The United States
The United States does not have an official language at the federal level, but the most commonly used language is English language, English (specifically, American English), which is the de facto national language. It is also the language spoken at home by the great majority of the U.S. population (approximately 78.5%). Many other languages are also spoken at home, especially Spanish language, Spanish (13.2% of the population), according to the American Community Survey (ACS) of the United States Census Bureau, U.S. Census Bureau; these include indigenous languages and languages brought to the U.S. by people from Europe, Africa, and Asia. However, the majority of speakers of these languages are bilingual and also speak English. Although 21.5% of U.S. residents report that they speak a language other than English at home, only 8.2% speak English less than "very well." Several other languages, notably Creole language, creoles and sign languages, have developed in the United States. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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