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Kabardia
Grand Principality of Great Kabarda or East Circassia was a historical country in the North Caucasus corresponding partly to the modern Kabardino-Balkaria. It had better political organization than its neighbors and existed as a political community from the fifteenth century until it came under Russian control in the early nineteenth century after the Russo-Circassian War. Geography and peoples The Kabardians are the eastern branch of the Circassian nation. To the north were the Nogai steppe nomads, vassals of the Crimean Khanate. To the west were the Abazins, the Besleney, another Circassian tribe. In the east the Kabardians were sometimes in contact with the Kumyks. The country's boundaries fluctuated, as did its political unity and degree of control over outlying areas. The core of Kabardia was Great Kabardia which extended from somewhat east of the north-flowing part of the Kuban River to somewhat east of the north-flowing part of the Terek River. To the east was Lesser Ka ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kabardian Language
Kabardian (; ; ), also known as , is a Northwest Caucasian language closely related to the Adyghe (West Circassian) language. Circassian nationalists reject the distinction between the two languages and refer to them both as " Circassian". It is spoken mainly in parts of the North Caucasus republics of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia (Eastern Circassia), and in Turkey, Jordan and Syria (the extensive post-war diaspora). It has 47 or 48 consonant phonemes, of which 22 or 23 are fricatives, depending upon whether one counts as phonemic, but it has only 3 phonemic vowels. It is one of very few languages to possess a clear phonemic distinction between ejective affricates and ejective fricatives. The Kabardian language has two major dialects: Kabardian and Besleney. Some linguists argue that Kabardian is only one dialect of an overarching Adyghe or Circassian language, which consists of all of the dialects of Adyghe and Kabardian together, and the Kabardi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian–Circassian War
The Russo-Circassian War ( ady, Урыс-адыгэ зауэ, translit=Wurıs-adığə zawə; ; 1763–1864; also known as the Russian Invasion of Circassia) was the invasion of Circassia by Russia, starting in July 17, 1763 ( O.S) with the Russian Empire assuming authority in Circassia, followed by the Circassian refusal,Henze 1992 and ending 101 years later with the last army of Circassia defeated on 21 May 1864 ( O.S), making it exhausting and casualty-heavy for both sides. The Circassians fought the Russians longer than all the other peoples of the Caucasus,. and the Russo-Circassian War was the longest war both Russia and Circassia have ever fought. During and after the war, the Russian Empire employed a genocidal strategy of systematically massacring civilians which resulted in the Circassian genocideL.V.Burykina. ''Pereselenskoye dvizhenie na severo-zapagni Kavakaz''. Reference in King.. where up to 1,500,000 Circassians (85-97% of the total population) were either kille ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circassians
The Circassians (also referred to as Cherkess or Adyghe; Adyghe and Kabardian: Адыгэхэр, romanized: ''Adıgəxər'') are an indigenous Northwest Caucasian ethnic group and nation native to the historical country-region of Circassia in the North Caucasus. As a consequence of the Circassian genocide, which was perpetrated by the Russian Empire in the 19th century during the Russo-Circassian War, most Circassians were exiled from their homeland in Circassia to modern-day Turkey and the rest of the Middle East, where the majority of them are concentrated today. The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization estimated in the early 1990s that there are as many as 3.7 million Circassians in diaspora in over 50 countries. The Circassian language is the ancestral language of the Circassian people, and Islam has been the dominant religion among them since the 17th century. Circassia has been subject to repeated invasions since ancient times; its isolated terrain couple ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russo-Circassian War
The Russo-Circassian War ( ady, Урыс-адыгэ зауэ, translit=Wurıs-adığə zawə; ; 1763–1864; also known as the Russian Invasion of Circassia) was the invasion of Circassia by Russia, starting in July 17, 1763 ( O.S) with the Russian Empire assuming authority in Circassia, followed by the Circassian refusal,Henze 1992 and ending 101 years later with the last army of Circassia defeated on 21 May 1864 ( O.S), making it exhausting and casualty-heavy for both sides. The Circassians fought the Russians longer than all the other peoples of the Caucasus,. and the Russo-Circassian War was the longest war both Russia and Circassia have ever fought. During and after the war, the Russian Empire employed a genocidal strategy of systematically massacring civilians which resulted in the Circassian genocideL.V.Burykina. ''Pereselenskoye dvizhenie na severo-zapagni Kavakaz''. Reference in King.. where up to 1,500,000 Circassians (85-97% of the total population) were either kille ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kabardians
The Kabardians ( Highland Adyghe: Къэбэрдей адыгэхэр; Lowland Adyghe: Къэбэртай адыгэхэр; russian: Кабардинцы) or Kabardinians are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. They are also commonly known by the plural terms Kabardin, Kebertei, or Kabarday. Along with the Besleney tribe, they speak a distinctive dialect of the Adyghe language. Historically the Kabardians lived in Kabardia, a region of the north Caucasus. In modern times the Kabardians live mostly in the Russian republic of Kabardino-Balkaria, which partly corresponds to the historic region. Despite the Soviet administrative divisions that placed Circassians under four different designations and political units, namely ''Adygeans'' (Adyghe in Adygea), ''Cherkessians'' (Adyghe in Karachay-Cherkessia), ''Kabardians'' (Adyghe in Kabardino-Balkaria), and ''Shapsugians'' (Adyghe in Krasnodar Kr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Misost Bematiqwa
Misost Bematiqwa (; ; ? — 1788) was a member of the Kabardian royal family and the Atajuq family. He was the Grand Prince between 1785 and 1788. Life He opposed the construction of the Mozdok fortress on Circassian lands, and saw it as a Russia invasion of Circassia. In January 1764, Kabardian nobles including Bematiqwa met with the representative of the Russian Kizlyar, commandant Major General N. A. Potapov, and unsuccessfully demanded the demolition of the fortress. The Kabardian princes threatened to seek an alliance with the Crimean Khan against Russia.''Мальбахов Б. К.'' Кабарда на этапах политической истории (середина XVI — первая четверть XIX века). — Москва: «Поматур», 2002. — С. 293. — ISBN 5-86208-106-2. In June 1767, Bematiqwa, then a military commander, launched a military operation against Russia, but many other Kabardian nobles preferred to surrender.''Маль ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Besleney
The Besleney ( Circassian: Bеслъэней, ''Bestləney'', ; russian: Бесленеевцы ) (also known as Beslenei or Baslaney) are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. By character, culture and language, the Besleney are closest to Kabardians. The noble families of the Besleney were Kanoko and Shaloho, ancestors of Kabardian Prince Beslan, (the son of legendary Prince Inal), who established his own tribe of the same name. Population The majority of the Besleney live in the valley of Bolshaya and Malaya Laba Rivers and on the bank of Urup in the Russian Republics of Karachay-Cherkessia, Krasnodar Krai and Adygea. They also extend to the valleys of Chetem, Fars, Psefir, Kuban (Western Circassia). Language The Besleney people speak the Besleney sub-dialect ( ady, Бэслъыныйбзэ) of the Kabardian Adyghe dialect (East Circassian). However, because the Besleney tribe live ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circassia
Circassia (; also known as Cherkessia in some sources; ady, Адыгэ Хэку, Адыгей, lit=, translit=Adıgə Xəku, Adıgey; ; ota, چرکسستان, Çerkezistan; ) was a country and a historical region in the along the northeast shore of the Black Sea. It was conquered and occupied by Russia during the Russian-Circassian War (1763–1864). 90% of the Circassian people were either exiled from the region or massacred in the Circassian genocide. The Circassians also dominated the north of the Kuban river in the early medieval and ancient times, but with the raids of the Mongol Empire, Golden Horde and the Crimean Khanate, they were withdrawn south of the Kuban, from the Taman Peninsula to North Ossetia. During the Medieval Era, Circassian lords subjugated and vassalized the neighboring Karachay- Balkars and Ossetians. The term Circassia is also used as the collective name of Circassian states established on Circassian territory. Legally and internationally, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kurgoqo Atajuq
Kurgoqo Atajuq (; ; ?–1709/1710) was the Kabardian Supreme Prince between 1695 and 1709 (or 1710). Biography Rise to power After the death of his uncle Kazıy Misost (1672-1695), he was elected grand prince of Kabarda. He fought a long struggle with the Crimean Khanate. Struggle against Crimean raids In 1699, the Crimean detachment under the command of Kalga Shahbaz-Giray invaded Circassia. In December of the same year, Kalga Shahbaz-Giray was killed in Besleney, in the home of the Kabardian prince Timur-Bulat. In 1700–1701, the Crimean detachments led by Kaplan Giray I attacked Circassia and Kabarda twice. In 1703, the army of the Crimeans and their allies under the leadership of Kalga Gazi Giray occupied Kabarda. Tatars and Nogais engaged in robbery and extortion against Circassians. A general uprising broke out in Kabarda. In 1707, the Crimean Tatars launched a new raid on Kabarda. The Tatars took thousands of cattle, but were defeated by the Kabardians. During th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jankhot Qushuq
Jankhot Qushuq () was the Kabardian Grand Prince between 1809 and 1822 and head of the Kabardian Provisional Court between 1822 and 1830. Family A member of the Kabardian Bekmirza family, he was the oldest son of Prince Jantoq. He married three times. He had three sons and two daughters. His oldest son drowned in the Kuban river and his second oldest son died in Georgiyevsk Georgiyevsk (russian: Гео́ргиевск) ( os, Гуым) is a historical town in Stavropol Krai, Russia, located in the North Caucasus on submontane tableland on the right bank of the Podkumok River (a tributary of the Kuma River), southe .... His youngest son Jambulat was killed in 1825 by Russians. His brothers were baptised and accepted Christianity. References 1758 births 1830 deaths {{more cats, date=July 2021 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Temryuk Of Kabardia
Temryuk Idar or Temroqwa Idar ( Adyghe: Айдарыкъо Темырикъу) was a prince of the Circassian Kabardian princedom and its head of power for part of the sixteenth century. His fame was largely due to the association of his name with the alliance with Ivan IV and the marriage of his daughter, Maria Temryukovna. When Temryuk came to power, he put down the revolts of the disputing princes, and helped Circassia become a military power within the North Caucasus. Alliance with Ivan the Terrible Temroqwa is one of the most controversial leaders in the Circassian history due to his relationship to the Ivan the Terrible. This critical alliance was perceived by Circassian nationalists as a destructive relationship to the Circassian nation, as the alliance was used by the Russian government as "evidence" of the “voluntary joining” of Circassia to the Russian Tsardom, which is historically not accurate, as Circassia was forcefully annexed after the Russo-Circassian War. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qasey Atajuq
Qasey Atajuq (; ? — 1773) was the Kabardian Grand Prince between 1762 and 1773. Biography He was against the construction of the Mozdok Mozdok (russian: Моздо́к; os, Мæздæг, ''Mæzdæg''; Kabardian: Мэздэгу) is a town and the administrative center of Mozdoksky District of North Ossetia – Alania, Russia, located on the left shore of the Terek River, n ... fortress in Circassian lands, and saw it as an invasion of Circassia by Russia. After 1765, he consistently advocated the destruction of Mozdok. After the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish war of 1768–1774, Qasey Atajuq searched for ways to strengthen Kabardian sovereignty by diplomatic methods. He remained dissatisfied with the conditions for Russian annexation of Kabarda. In the last years of his life, Atajuq was actively looking for allies to exert diplomatic and military-political pressure on Russia. In 1773, he died. References {{Reflist 1773 deaths People of the Caucasian War Cir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
