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Kotan (village)
A kotan (Katakana: コタン) is a traditional settlement of the Ainu people. Introduction Due to the scarcity of primary source materials (as the Ainu did not have a Writing system, system of writing), all studies on the Ainu kotan (based on Russian language, Russian, Japanese language, Japanese, and English language, English works) will have different analyzations and opinions, varying largely depending on the researchers and the duration of their work. The word ''kotan'' is often erroneously translated to as a "village"; the term generally applies to all human settlements, regardless of their size. For example, in the Ainu translation of the Bible, Rome and Jerusalem are referred to as ''yerusalem kotan'' and ''roma kotan'', respectively. Description Unlike other Hunter-gatherer, hunter gatherers, who did not settle in one place at any given time, the Ainu were highly dependent on fishing, therefore they settled by places that had good fishing (like river Estuary, estua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biratori Ainu-Kotan Circa 1930
( ain, ピラ・ウトゥル, translit=pira-utur) is a List of towns in Japan, town located in Hidaka Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. The name of the town means 'between the rocky cliffs' in the Ainu language. As of September 2016, the town has an estimated population of 5,305 and a population density, density of 7.1 persons per km2. The total area is 743.16 km2. Ainu culture The Nibutani Dam was constructed in district on the Saru River, though there was a strong objection due to a sacred meaning of the place for indigenous Ainu people. Nibutani is the site of the Ainu Cultural center. Nibutani's best known son is perhaps Shigeru Kayano, a 20th-century advocate for the Ainu and Ainu language and culture. The cultural landscape along the Saru River consisting of Ainu people, Ainu traditions and modern settlement within Biratori has been designated an Cultural Landscapes of Japan, Important Cultural Landscape. Economy Biratori is primarily an agricultural town, growing man ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lake Akan
is a lake in Kushiro, Hokkaidō, Japan. It is located in Akan National Park and is a Ramsar Site. History Volcanic activity formed the lake some 6,000 years ago, when a lava dam was formed. The lake used to have a clarity of 8–9 meters in the 1930s. Pollution from local hotspring resorts has decreased the transparency to 3–4 meters. Flora and fauna The lake is famous for the marimo (''Aegagropila linnaei''), aggregations of algae that form into spherical shapes 2–30 cm in diameter. Other flora of the lake include the following: *Phragmites communis *Nuphar sp. *Potamogeton crispus *Hydrilla verticillata *Myriophyllum verticillatum *Vallisneria gigantea * Melosira italica *Asterionella formosa * Synedra Kokanee salmon (''Oncorhynchus nerka'') are native to Lake Akan. Other fauna of the lake include the following: *Zooplankton: **Daphnia longiremis **Bosmina coregoni **Eurytemora affinis *Bottom: **Chironomus plumosus **Tubificidae *Fish: **Cyprinus carpio **Carassius ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chashi
is the Japanese term for the hilltop fortifications of the Ainu. The word is of Ainu origin, from チャシ (''casi'', ), which means palisade or palisaded compound; a rival theory relates this to the Korean term 잣 (''cas'', ''jat'', ) of roughly the same meaning. Over 520 ''chashi'' have been identified in Hokkaidō, mostly in the eastern regions of the island; others are known from southern Sakhalin and the Kurils; similar phenomena such as the ''ostrogu'' of Kamchatka and the ''gorodische'' of northeast Asia may have developed independently. A few, including the Tōya ''casi'' of present-day Kushiro, date to the Muromachi period; the remainder date largely to the early seventeenth century. As such their construction may be related to increased competition for resources as a result of "intensification of trade" with the Japanese. Form The early Dutch explorer Maarten Gerritsz Vries described the ''chashi'' he encountered in eastern Hokkaidō in 1643:These forts were made ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inau
Inau or Inaw ( Ainu: イナウ or イナゥ) is an Ainu term for a ritual wood-shaving stick used in Ainu prayers to the spiritual world. They were used in most Ainu religious rituals, and were also frequently made to request assistance for hunting and childbirth. Some can be used multiple times, while others are destroyed immediately after one use. Their size and the direction in which they are shaved depends on which kamuy it is offered to and what is being requested. Etymology The word ''inau'' appears to be a loanword from other languages in the region, probably the Orok language of Sakhalin (''cf.'' Orok ''illau'' < *''ilawun''). It is most likely ultimately related to ''ila-''/(ila-mbi) "to blossom" and ''ilha''/ "flower." The |
Altar
An altar is a table or platform for the presentation of religious offerings, for sacrifices, or for other ritualistic purposes. Altars are found at shrines, temples, churches, and other places of worship. They are used particularly in paganism, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, modern paganism, and in certain Islamic communities around Caucasia and Asia Minor. Many historical-medieval faiths also made use of them, including the Roman, Greek, and Norse religions. Etymology The modern English word '' altar'' was derived from Middle English '' altar'', from Old English '' alter'', taken from Latin '' altare'' ("altar"), probably related to '' adolere'' ("burn"); thus "burning place", influenced by '' altus'' ("high"). It displaced the native Old English word '' wēofod''. Altars in antiquity File:Tel Be'er Sheva Altar 2007041.JPG, Horned altar at Tel Be'er Sheva, Israel. File:3217 - Athens - Sto… of Attalus Museum - Kylix - Photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toilet (room)
A toilet is a small room used for privately accessing the sanitation fixture (toilet) for urination and defecation. Toilet rooms often include a sink (basin) with soap/handwash for handwashing, as this is important for personal hygiene. These rooms are typically referred to as "half-bathrooms" (half-baths; half of a whole or full-bathroom). This room is commonly known as a "bathroom" in American English, a lavatory or loo in the United Kingdom, a "washroom" in Canadian English, and by many other names across the English-speaking world. Names "Toilet" originally referred to personal grooming and came by metonymy to be used for the personal rooms used for bathing, dressing, and so on. It was then euphemistically used for the similarly private rooms used for urination and defecation. By metonymy, it then came to refer directly to the fixtures in such rooms.. At present, the word refers primarily to such fixtures and using "toilet" to refer to the room or activity ("use the toil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iomante
, sometimes written as , is an Ainu ceremony in which a brown bear is sacrificed. The word literally means "to send something/someone off". In some Ainu villages, it is a Blakiston's fish owl, rather than a bear, that is the subject of the ceremony. In Japanese, the ceremony is known as or, sometimes, . In the modern day, the ceremony no longer involves the killing of an animal, but is performed for wild animals that die in accidents or captive animals that die of old age. Practice Trappers set out to the bear caves at the end of winter, while the bears are still in a state of torpor. If they find a newborn cub, they kill the mother and take the cub back to the village, where they raise it indoors, as if it were one of their own children. It is said that they even provide the cub with their own breast milk. When the cub grows larger, they take it outdoors, and put it into a small pen made of logs. Throughout their lives, the bears are provided with high-quality food. The cubs a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thatching
Thatching is the craft of building a roof with dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge (''Cladium mariscus''), rushes, heather, or palm branches, layering the vegetation so as to shed water away from the inner roof. Since the bulk of the vegetation stays dry and is densely packed—trapping air—thatching also functions as insulation. It is a very old roofing method and has been used in both tropical and temperate climates. Thatch is still employed by builders in developing countries, usually with low-cost local vegetation. By contrast, in some developed countries it is the choice of some affluent people who desire a rustic look for their home, would like a more ecologically friendly roof, or who have purchased an originally thatched abode. History Thatching methods have traditionally been passed down from generation to generation, and numerous descriptions of the materials and methods used in Europe over the past three centuries survive in archives and early publica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cise
CISE may refer to: * '' Channel Islands Stock Exchange'', a stock exchange operating 1998-2013. * ''Channel Islands Securities Exchange'', the initial name of The International Stock Exchange The International Stock Exchange (TISE) is a stock exchange headquartered in St. Peter Port, Guernsey. The TISE provides a listing facility for international companies to raise capital from investors worldwide. It offers a regulated marketplac ... (TISE), a stock exchange based in Guernsey; * '' Common Information Sharing Environment'', a maritime surveillance policy of the European Union Maritime Security Strategy (EUMSS). {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hokkaido
is Japan's second largest island and comprises the largest and northernmost prefecture, making up its own region. The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaidō from Honshu; the two islands are connected by the undersea railway Seikan Tunnel. The largest city on Hokkaidō is its capital, Sapporo, which is also its only ordinance-designated city. Sakhalin lies about 43 kilometers (26 mi) to the north of Hokkaidō, and to the east and northeast are the Kuril Islands, which are administered by Russia, though the four most southerly are claimed by Japan. Hokkaidō was formerly known as ''Ezo'', ''Yezo'', ''Yeso'', or ''Yesso''. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Hokkaidō" in Although there were Japanese settlers who ruled the southern tip of the island since the 16th century, Hokkaido was considered foreign territory that was inhabited by the indigenous people of the island, known as the Ainu people. While geographers such as Mogami Tokunai and Mamiya Rinzō explored the isla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
