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Jhain
Chhan is a village in the Sawai Madhopur district of Rajasthan, India. It is identified with Jhain (or Jhayin), which is mentioned in the Delhi Sultanate chronicles as an important town of 13th and 14th century India. History Chhan is identified with the Jhain town mentioned in the Delhi Sultanate chronicles. In the late 13th century, Jhain was a part of the Chahamana kingdom, and guarded the approaches to the kingdom's capital Ranthambore. According to the Delhi Sultanate chronicles, Jhain was renamed to ''Shahr-i Nau'' ("new town") in 1301. Therefore, historian Kishori Saran Lal (1950) speculated that Jhain may be the modern Naya Gaon (or Naigaon) village located near Ranthambore. However, Satya Prakash Gupta (1975) identified Jhain with Chhan (or Chhain), located between Naya Gaon and Ranthambore, around 16 km from Naya Gaon. Gupta notes that according to the Mughal courtier Abul Fazl, the pass of Jhain led to Ranthambhore. This description fits Chhan, where the road to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jalaluddin Khalji
Jalal-ud-din Khalji, also known as Firuz-Al-Din Khalji or Jalaluddin Khilji (c. 1220 – 19 July 1296, ) ( fa, جلالالدین خلجی) was the founder and first Sultan of the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1290 to 1320. Originally named Firuz, Jalal-ud-din started his career as an officer of the Mamluk dynasty, and rose to an important position under Sultan Muizzuddin Qaiqabad. After Qaiqabad was paralyzed, a group of nobles appointed his infant son Shamsuddin Kayumars as the new Sultan, and tried to kill Jalal-ud-din. Instead, Jalal-ud-din had them killed, and became the regent. A few months later, he deposed Kayumars, and became the new Sultan. As a Sultan, he repulsed a Mongol invasion, and allowed many Mongols to settle in India after their conversion to Islam. He captured Mandawar and Jhain from the Chahamana king Hammira, although he was unable to capture the Chahamana capital Ranthambore. During his reign, his nephew Ali Gurshasp raid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ulugh Khan
Almas Beg (died c. 1302), better known by his title Ulugh Khan, was a brother and a general of the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji. He held the iqta' of Bayana in present-day India. Ulugh Khan played an important role in Alauddin's ascension to the throne of Delhi in 1296. He lured the former Sultan Jalaluddin to Kara, where Alauddin assassinated Jalaluddin. He successfully besieged Multan, and subjugated the surviving members of Jalaluddin's family. In 1298, Ulugh Khan repulsed a Mongol invasion from the Chagatai Khanate, which greatly increased Alauddin's prestige. The next year, he and Nusrat Khan raided the wealthy province of Gujarat, obtaining a huge amount of wealth for Alauddin's treasury. He led the reinforcement unit in the Battle of Kili (1299) against the Mongols, and held command in the initial phases of the Siege of Ranthambore (1301). He died a few months after the Ranthambore campaign ended, although a fictional account in Amir Khusrau's ''Ashiqa'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alauddin Khalji's Conquest Of Ranthambore
In 1301, Alauddin Khalji, the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate in India, conquered the neighbouring kingdom of Ranastambhapura (modern Ranthambore). Hammira, the Chahamana (Chauhan) king of Ranthambore, had granted asylum to some Mongol rebels from Delhi in 1299. He refused requests to either kill these rebels or hand them over to Alauddin, resulting in an invasion from Delhi. Hammira lost his general Bhimasimha to an army led by Alauddin's general Ulugh Khan, and his brother Bhoja defection, defected to Alauddin some days later. After recovering from these initial reverses, Hammira's generals (including the Mongol rebels) defeated Ulugh Khan's army at a mountain pass near Ranthambore. Alauddin then dispatched his general Nusrat Khan Jalesari, Nusrat Khan to reinforce Ulugh Khan's army, but Nusrat Khan was killed while besieging the fort. Alauddin then himself took control of the operations at Ranthambore. He ordered the construction of a mound to scale its walls. After a long ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gurdan Saini
Rana Gurdan Saini was a rajput military general who died in a battle between the Turk forces of Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji and the Chahamana forces of Hammiradeva in the 14th century CE. Career According to Kishori Lal, "Saini was a great general and had led several expeditions into the country of Malwa and Gujarat." He was killed in battle. The historians Henry Miers Elliot and John Dowson cite ''Miftah al-Futuh'', a work by Amir Khusro Abu'l Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrau (1253–1325 AD), better known as Amīr Khusrau was an Indo-Persian culture, Indo-Persian Sufi singer, musician, poet and scholar who lived under the Delhi Sultanate. He is an iconic figure in the cultural his ..., who describes Gurdan Saini in the Rajput army of Rana Hamir: References {{DEFAULTSORT:Gurdan Saini 14th-century Indian people 14th-century soldiers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Delhi Sultanate
The Delhi Sultanate was an Islamic empire based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years (1206–1526).Delhi Sultanate Encyclopædia Britannica Following the invasion of by the , five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290), the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), the |
Pargana
Pargana ( bn, পরগনা, , hi, परगना, ur, پرگنہ) or parganah, also spelt pergunnah during the time of the Sultanate period, Mughal times and British Raj, is a former administrative unit of the Indian subcontinent and each ''Parganas'' may or may not subdivided into some ''pirs''. Those revinue units are used primarily, but not exclusively, by the Muslim kingdoms. After independence the Parganas became equivalent to Block/ Tahsil and Pirs became Grampanchayat. ''Parganas'' were introduced by the Delhi Sultanate. As a revenue unit, a pargana consists of several '' mouzas'', which are the smallest revenue units, consisting of one or more villages and the surrounding countryside. Under the reign of Sher Shah Suri, administration of parganas was strengthened by the addition of other officers, including a '' shiqdar'' (police chief), an ''amin'' or ''munsif'' (an arbitrator who assessed and collected revenue) and a ''karkun'' (record keeper). Mughal era In the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iqta'
An iqta ( ar, اقطاع, iqṭāʿ) and occasionally iqtaʿa ( ar, اقطاعة) was an Islamic practice of tax farming that became common in Muslim Asia during the Buyid dynasty. Iqta has been defined in Nizam-al-Mulk's Siyasatnama. Administrators of an ''Iqta'' were known as ''muqti'' or ''wali''. They collected land revenue and looked after general administration. Muqtiʿs (, "holder of an iqtaʿ") had no right to interfere with the personal life of a paying person if the person stayed on the muqtiʿ's land. They were expected to send the collected revenue (after deducting collection and administration charges) to the central treasury. Such an amount to be sent was called ''Fawazil''. Theoretically, ''iqtas'' were not hereditary by law and had to be confirmed by a higher authority like a sultan or king. However, it was made hereditary by Firoz Tughlaq. Individual iqtaʿ holders in Middle Eastern societies had little incentive to provide public goods to the localities assigned ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kharaj
Kharāj ( ar, خراج) is a type of individual Islamic tax on agricultural land and its produce, developed under Islamic law. With the first Muslim conquests in the 7th century, the ''kharaj'' initially denoted a lump-sum duty levied upon the lands of conquered provinces, which was collected by hold-over officials of the defeated Byzantine Empire in the west and the Sassanid Empire in the east; later and more broadly, ''kharaj'' refers to a land-tax levied by Muslim rulers on their non-Muslim subjects, collectively known as ''dhimmi''. At that time, ''kharaj'' was synonymous with ''jizyah'', which later emerged as a per head tax paid by the ''dhimmi''. Muslim landowners, on the other hand, paid '' ushr'', a religious tithe on land, which carried a much lower rate of taxation,Lewis (2002), p. 72 and ''zakat''. '' Ushr'' was a reciprocal 10% levy on agricultural land as well as merchandise imported from states that taxed Muslims on their products. Changes soon eroded the establi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire was an early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries. Quote: "Although the first two Timurid emperors and many of their noblemen were recent migrants to the subcontinent, the dynasty and the empire itself became indisputably Indian. The interests and futures of all concerned were in India, not in ancestral homelands in the Middle East or Central Asia. Furthermore, the Mughal empire emerged from the Indian historical experience. It was the end product of a millennium of Muslim conquest, colonization, and state-building in the Indian subcontinent." For some two hundred years, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus river basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau in South India. Quote: "The realm so defined and governed was a vast territory of some , rang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rajasthan
Rajasthan (; lit. 'Land of Kings') is a state in northern India. It covers or 10.4 per cent of India's total geographical area. It is the largest Indian state by area and the seventh largest by population. It is on India's northwestern side, where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert (also known as the Great Indian Desert) and shares a border with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to the northwest and Sindh to the west, along the Sutlej- Indus River valley. It is bordered by five other Indian states: Punjab to the north; Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to the northeast; Madhya Pradesh to the southeast; and Gujarat to the southwest. Its geographical location is 23.3 to 30.12 North latitude and 69.30 to 78.17 East longitude, with the Tropic of Cancer passing through its southernmost tip. Its major features include the ruins of the Indus Valley civilisation at Kalibangan and Balathal, the Dilwara Temples, a Jain pilgrimage site at Rajasthan's only hill stat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sarkar (country Subdivision)
Sarkar ( hi, , ur, , pa, ਸਰਕਾਰ, bn, সরকার also spelt Circar) is a historical administrative division, used mostly in the Mughal Empire. It was a division of a Subah or province. A sarkar was further divided into Mahallas or Parganas. The Sarkar system was replaced in the early 18th century by the Chakla system. See also * Northern Circars, the five individual districts making up a former division of British India's Madras Presidency * Rajamundry Sarkar, one among the Northern Circars * Pakhli, an ancient sarkar now part of Hazara, Pakistan * Pakhal Sarkar Pakhal is an area of the Mansehra district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It was ruled by the Sarkar Sultanate between 1190 and 1519. Also known as the Sarkar Kingdom, it was known for agricultural products such as rice and tobacco. The territory ..., an area of Mansehra district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan References Subdivisions of the Mughal Empire Former subdivisions of Bangladesh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jai Singh II
Jai Singh II (3 November 1681 – 21 September 1743) popularly known as Sawai Jai Singh was the 29th Kachwaha Rajput ruler of the Kingdom of Amber, who later founded the fortified city of Jaipur and made it his capital. He was born at Amber, the capital of the Kachwaha Rajputs. He became ruler of Amber at the age of 11 after the death of his father, Raja Bishan Singh on 31 December 1699. Initially, Jai Singh served as a vassal of the Mughal Empire. He was given title of ''Sawai'' by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb before the siege of Khelna in Deccan. "Sawai" means one and a quarter times superior to his contemporaries. He received title of '' Maharajah Sawai'', ''Raj Rajeshwar'', ''Shri Rajadhiraj'' in the year 1723, This was in addition to title of ''Saramad-i-Rajaha-i-Hind'' conferred on him on 21 April 1721Sarkar, Jadunath (1994) A History of Jaipur, New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, , Page=171,173 In the later part of his life, Jai Singh broke free from the Mughal hegemony, and t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
