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Jules Saulnier (film Editor)
Jules Saulnier (; 1817–1881) was a French architect. He is best remembered for his work on the Menier Chocolate Co. buildings in Noisiel, France. Many historians cite his 1872 building as the first true skeleton structure, having its exterior walls requiring only simple infill. However the lesser known Watson's Hotel erected in distant Mumbai in 1869 from prefabricated components cast in England also has an expressed cast iron frame with infill walls of brick. The February 1997 issue of the Architectural Review called the iron and brick chocolate factory at Noisiel "one of the iconic buildings of the Industrial Revolution". In 1992, the factory was designated by the government of France as an official Monument historique and is on the list to be named a UNESCO World Heritage Site A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chocolaterie Menier Moulin Saulnier 1
A chocolaterie is a type of business which both manufactures chocolate confections and sells them, at the same location. It is usually a small family business, often operating at only one location. The word is of French origin, and shops named as such are common in France and Belgium. The term is also used to designate larger chocolate production companies, such as Chocolaterie Guylian, many of which started as smaller shops. This type of store operates in other countries, such as the US, Canada, the UK and Germany, sometimes using the French term. Stores which sell candies and chocolate but do not produce their own brand are called confectionery stores, or other names depending on the region. The related occupational term is chocolatier, though this term is also used sometimes to describe chocolateries, such as Godiva Chocolatier. History Until the discovery of the New World, the cacao tree was unknown to Europeans. The Spanish were the first to bring cocoa beans to Europe al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Architect
An architect is a person who plans, designs and oversees the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to provide services in connection with the design of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings that have human occupancy or use as their principal purpose. Etymologically, the term architect derives from the Latin ''architectus'', which derives from the Greek (''arkhi-'', chief + ''tekton'', builder), i.e., chief builder. The professional requirements for architects vary from place to place. An architect's decisions affect public safety, and thus the architect must undergo specialized training consisting of advanced education and a ''practicum'' (or internship) for practical experience to earn a Occupational licensing, license to practice architecture. Practical, technical, and academic requirements for becoming an architect vary by jurisdiction, though the formal study of architecture in academic institutions has played a pivotal role in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Menier Chocolate
The Menier Chocolate company (french: Chocolat Menier) is a French chocolate manufacturing business founded in 1816 as a pharmaceutical manufacturer in Paris, at a time when chocolate was used as a medicinal product and was only one part of the overall business. Founded by Antoine Brutus Menier, the company remained managed by his family until 1971, when it was acquired by Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery. In 1988, Menier became part of Swiss conglomerate Nestlé when it acquired Rowntree Mackintosh. In 1996, Menier moved production to Swiss city Broc, where has remained since then. The former building at Noisel Factory was turned into Nestlé France headquarters.Menier brand history from the official website History The Menier family Controlled and run by the |
Noisiel
Noisiel () is a commune in the French department of Seine-et-Marne, administrative region of Île-de-France. It is located in the eastern suburbs of Paris, from the center of Paris. The commune of Noisiel is part of the Val Maubuée sector, one of the four sectors in the "new town" of Marne-la-Vallée. Demographics Inhabitants of Noisiel are called ''Noisiéliens''. The population of Noisiel increased sharply in the 1970s, amnd has since stabilised around 15,000 inhabitants. As of 1998, 8% of the population was Asian and certain parts of the commune had high Asian populations.Guillon, Michelle. "The Chinese and Chinese Districts in Paris" (Chapter 11). In: Sinn, Elizabeth (editor). ''The Last Half Century of Chinese Overseas''. Hong Kong University Press, 1 January 1998. , 9789622094468. CITED: p198 Transportation Noisiel is served by Noisiel station on Paris RER line . Menier chocolate Noisiel is synonymous with the name "Menier", famous chocolate makers who built the fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Watson's Hotel
Watson's Hotel (actually Watson's Esplanade Hotel), now known as the Esplanade Mansion, located in the Kala Ghoda area of Mumbai (Bombay), is India's oldest surviving cast iron building. It is probably the oldest surviving multi-level fully cast-iron framed building in the world, being three years earlier than the Menier Chocolate Factory in Noisiel, France, which are both amongst the few ever built. Named after its original owner, John Watson, the cast and wrought iron structure of the building was prefabricated in England, and it was constructed between 1867 and 1869. The hotel was leased on 26 August 1867 for the terms of 999 years at yearly rent of Rupees 92 and 12 annas to Abdul Haq. It was closed in the 1960s and was later subdivided and partitioned into smaller cubicles that were let out on rent as homes and offices. Neglect of the building has resulted in decay and, despite its listing as a Grade II–A heritage structure, the building is now in a dilapidated state. A doc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iron Frame
The term iron frame describes the structural use of either cast iron or wrought iron in the columns and Beam (structure), beams of a building. While popular in the 19th century, the iron frame was displaced by the steel frame in the early 20th century. Cast iron Columns made of cast iron were introduced in the 1770s, the first building with multiple storeys using cast iron for both columns and beams is the Ditherington Flax Mill in Shrewsbury (1797). Columns were joined usually at the floor level and sometimes bolted together, the longer beams were made of sections that were also kept together by bolts. At first, the stiffness of the frame was achieved through the use of masonry that filled the openings in the frame, but since 1844, a ''rigid frame'' was used that was stable by itself (former fire station at the Portsmouth Dockyard). With its high compression strength, the cast iron is well-suited for columns. At first, the cruciform profile was used, later displaced by the hol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
