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Jaborosa
''Jaborosa'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Solanaceae, the nightshades. There are about 23 species, all native to South America, where they are distributed from Peru to Patagonia. Most occur in the Andes. Most can be found in Argentina and ten are endemic to the country. Description Most ''Jaborosa'' are rhizomatous perennial herbs except '' J. bergii'' and '' J. sativa'', which are annual or biennial. Ecology '' J. rotacea'' is pollinated by flies, and '' J. runcinata'' is pollinated by moths. Sphingid moths feed on the nectar of '' J. integrifolia''. Chemistry Like plants in several other Solanaceae genera, many ''Jaborosa'' species contain steroid-derived compounds called withanolides. Many of the withanolides isolated from ''Jaborosa'' have been dubbed jaborosalactones. Some withanolides are phytotoxic, having effects on other plants such as inhibiting germination and radicle growth. Some have antifeedant effects, deterring insects such as mealworms (''Tenebr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jaborosa Integrifolia
''Jaborosa'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Solanaceae, the nightshades. There are about 23 species, all native to South America, where they are distributed from Peru to Patagonia. Most occur in the Andes. Most can be found in Argentina and ten are endemic to the country. Description Most ''Jaborosa'' are rhizomatous perennial herbs except '' J. bergii'' and '' J. sativa'', which are annual or biennial. Ecology '' J. rotacea'' is pollinated by flies, and '' J. runcinata'' is pollinated by moths. Sphingid moths feed on the nectar of '' J. integrifolia''. Chemistry Like plants in several other Solanaceae genera, many ''Jaborosa'' species contain steroid-derived compounds called withanolides. Many of the withanolides isolated from ''Jaborosa'' have been dubbed jaborosalactones. Some withanolides are phytotoxic, having effects on other plants such as inhibiting germination and radicle growth. Some have antifeedant effects, deterring insects such as mealworms (''Tenebr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jaborosa Bergii
''Jaborosa'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Solanaceae, the nightshades. There are about 23 species, all native to South America, where they are distributed from Peru to Patagonia. Most occur in the Andes. Most can be found in Argentina and ten are endemic to the country. Description Most ''Jaborosa'' are rhizomatous perennial herbs except '' J. bergii'' and '' J. sativa'', which are annual or biennial. Ecology '' J. rotacea'' is pollinated by flies, and '' J. runcinata'' is pollinated by moths. Sphingid moths feed on the nectar of '' J. integrifolia''. Chemistry Like plants in several other Solanaceae genera, many ''Jaborosa'' species contain steroid-derived compounds called withanolides. Many of the withanolides isolated from ''Jaborosa'' have been dubbed jaborosalactones. Some withanolides are phytotoxic, having effects on other plants such as inhibiting germination and radicle growth. Some have antifeedant effects, deterring insects such as mealworms (''Tenebr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jaborosa Runcinata
''Jaborosa'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Solanaceae, the nightshades. There are about 23 species, all native to South America, where they are distributed from Peru to Patagonia. Most occur in the Andes. Most can be found in Argentina and ten are endemic to the country. Description Most ''Jaborosa'' are rhizomatous perennial herbs except '' J. bergii'' and '' J. sativa'', which are annual or biennial. Ecology '' J. rotacea'' is pollinated by flies, and '' J. runcinata'' is pollinated by moths. Sphingid moths feed on the nectar of '' J. integrifolia''. Chemistry Like plants in several other Solanaceae genera, many ''Jaborosa'' species contain steroid-derived compounds called withanolides. Many of the withanolides isolated from ''Jaborosa'' have been dubbed jaborosalactones. Some withanolides are phytotoxic, having effects on other plants such as inhibiting germination and radicle growth. Some have antifeedant effects, deterring insects such as mealworms (''Tenebr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jaborosa Rotacea
''Jaborosa'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Solanaceae, the nightshades. There are about 23 species, all native to South America, where they are distributed from Peru to Patagonia. Most occur in the Andes. Most can be found in Argentina and ten are endemic to the country. Description Most ''Jaborosa'' are rhizomatous perennial herbs except '' J. bergii'' and '' J. sativa'', which are annual or biennial. Ecology '' J. rotacea'' is pollinated by flies, and '' J. runcinata'' is pollinated by moths. Sphingid moths feed on the nectar of '' J. integrifolia''. Chemistry Like plants in several other Solanaceae genera, many ''Jaborosa'' species contain steroid-derived compounds called withanolides. Many of the withanolides isolated from ''Jaborosa'' have been dubbed jaborosalactones. Some withanolides are phytotoxic, having effects on other plants such as inhibiting germination and radicle growth. Some have antifeedant effects, deterring insects such as mealworms (''Tenebr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jaborosa Sativa
''Jaborosa'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Solanaceae, the nightshades. There are about 23 species, all native to South America, where they are distributed from Peru to Patagonia. Most occur in the Andes. Most can be found in Argentina and ten are endemic to the country. Description Most ''Jaborosa'' are rhizomatous perennial herbs except '' J. bergii'' and '' J. sativa'', which are annual or biennial. Ecology '' J. rotacea'' is pollinated by flies, and '' J. runcinata'' is pollinated by moths. Sphingid moths feed on the nectar of '' J. integrifolia''. Chemistry Like plants in several other Solanaceae genera, many ''Jaborosa'' species contain steroid-derived compounds called withanolides. Many of the withanolides isolated from ''Jaborosa'' have been dubbed jaborosalactones. Some withanolides are phytotoxic, having effects on other plants such as inhibiting germination and radicle growth. Some have antifeedant effects, deterring insects such as mealworms (''Tenebr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Solanaceae
The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and ornamentals. Many members of the family contain potent alkaloids, and some are highly toxic, but many—including tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant, bell and chili peppers—are used as food. The family belongs to the order Solanales, in the asterid group and class Magnoliopsida ( dicotyledons). The Solanaceae consists of about 98 genera and some 2,700 species, with a great diversity of habitats, morphology and ecology. The name Solanaceae derives from the genus ''Solanum''. The etymology of the Latin word is unclear. The name may come from a perceived resemblance of certain solanaceous flowers to the sun and its rays. At least one species of ''Solanum'' is known as the "sunberry". Alternatively, the name could originate from the Latin verb ''sol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Withanolide
Withanolides are a group of at least 300 naturally occurring steroids built on an ergostane skeleton. They occur as secondary metabolites primarily in genera of the Nightshade family, for example in the tomatillo. Structurally, withanolides consist of a steroid backbone bound to a lactone or one of its derivatives; they are produced via oxidation of steroids. It remains unknown to what end withanolides are produced; they may act as a deterrent for feeding insect larvae and other herbivores. Genera within the nightshade family that produce withanolides include: ''Datura'', ''Iochroma'', ''Lycium'', ''Nicandra'', ''Physalis'', '' Salpichroa'', ''Solanum'', '' Mandragora'', ''Withania'', and '' Jaborosa''. No withanolide has been discovered in ''Nicotiana'' to date. Examples Withaferin A, the first withanolide to be isolated, was found in winter cherry (''Withania somnifera'') and Acnistus arborescens. Salpichrolides A, B and G (isolated from ''Salpichroa origanifolia'') exh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mealworm
Mealworms are the larval form of the yellow mealworm beetle, ''Tenebrio molitor'', a species of darkling beetle. Like all holometabolic insects, they go through four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Larvae typically measure about or more, whereas adults are generally between in length. Reproduction The mealworm beetle breeds prolifically. Males insert sperm packets with their aedeagus. Within a few days the female burrows into soft ground and lays eggs. Over her lifespan, a female will, on average, lay about 500 eggs. After 4 to 19 days the eggs hatch. During the larval stage, the mealworms feed on vegetation and dead insects and molt between each larval stage, or instar (9 to 20 instars). After the final molt, they pupate. The new pupa is whitish and turns brown over time. After 3 to 30 days, depending on environmental conditions such as temperature, it emerges as an adult beetle. Sex pheromones A sex pheromone released by male mealworms has been identified. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radicle
In botany, the radicle is the first part of a seedling (a growing plant embryo) to emerge from the seed during the process of germination. The radicle is the embryonic root of the plant, and grows downward in the soil (the shoot emerges from the plumule). Above the radicle is the embryonic stem or hypocotyl, supporting the cotyledon(s). It is the embryonic root inside the seed. It is the first thing to emerge from a seed and down into the ground to allow the seed to suck up water and send out its leaves so that it can start photosynthesizing. The radicle emerges from a seed through the micropyle. Radicles in seedlings are classified into two main types. Those pointing away from the seed coat scar or hilum are classified as ''antitropous'', and those pointing towards the hilum are ''syntropous''. If the radicle begins to decay, the seedling undergoes pre-emergence damping off. This disease appears on the radicle as darkened spots. Eventually, it causes death of the seedling. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germination
Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or spore. The term is applied to the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm, the growth of a sporeling from a spore, such as the spores of fungi, ferns, bacteria, and the growth of the pollen tube from the pollen grain of a seed plant. Seed plants Germination is usually the growth of a plant contained within a seed; it results in the formation of the seedling. It is also the process of reactivation of metabolic machinery of the seed resulting in the emergence of radicle and plumule. The seed of a vascular plant is a small package produced in a fruit or cone after the union of male and female reproductive cells. All fully developed seeds contain an embryo and, in most plant species some store of food reserves, wrapped in a seed coat. Some plants produce varying numbers of seeds that lack embryos; these are empty seeds which never germinate. Dormant seeds are viable seeds that do ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phytotoxin
Phytotoxins are substances that are poisonous or toxic to the growth of plants. Phytotoxic substances may result from human activity, as with herbicides, or they may be produced by plants, by microorganisms, or by naturally occurring chemical reactions. The term is also used to describe toxic chemicals produced by plants themselves, which function as defensive agents against their predators. Most examples pertaining to this definition of phytotoxin are members of various classes of specialised or secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, terpenes, and especially phenolics, though not all such compounds are toxic or serve defensive purposes. Phytotoxins may also be toxic to humans. Toxins produced by plants Alkaloids Alkaloids are derived from amino acids, and contain nitrogen. They are medically important by interfering with components of the nervous system affecting membrane transport, protein synthesis, and enzyme activities. They generally have a bitter taste. Alkaloids ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Steroid
A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration. Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes that alter membrane fluidity; and as signaling molecules. Hundreds of steroids are found in plants, animals and fungi. All steroids are manufactured in cells from the sterols lanosterol (opisthokonts) or cycloartenol (plants). Lanosterol and cycloartenol are derived from the cyclization of the triterpene squalene. The steroid core structure is typically composed of seventeen carbon atoms, bonded in four " fused" rings: three six-member cyclohexane rings (rings A, B and C in the first illustration) and one five-member cyclopentane ring (the D ring). Steroids vary by the functional groups attached to this four-ring core and by the oxidation state of the rings. Sterols are forms of steroids with a hydroxy group at position three and a skeleton derived from cholestane. ''A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
