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Indian Indenture Ships To Fiji
Between 1879 and 1916, a total of 42 ships made 87 voyages, carrying Indian indentured labourers to Fiji. Initially the ships brought labourers from Calcutta, but from 1903 all ships except two also brought labourers from Madras and Mumbai. A total of 60,965 passengers left India but only 60,553 (including births at sea) arrived in Fiji. A total of 45,439 boarded ships in Calcutta and 15,114 in Madras. Sailing ships took, on average, seventy-three days for the trip while steamers took 30 days. The shipping companies associated with the labour trade were Nourse Line and British-India Steam Navigation Company. The most important man on these ships was the Surgeon-Superintendent, who supervised the medical care, ventilation, clothing, cleanliness and exercise of the passengers and his authority extended over the Captain. He inspected the stores before departure and reported on any defects during the trip. The Surgeon-Superintendent also intervened to prevent passengers from be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indenture
An indenture is a legal contract that reflects or covers a debt or purchase obligation. It specifically refers to two types of practices: in historical usage, an indentured servant status, and in modern usage, it is an instrument used for commercial debt or real estate transaction. Historical usage An indenture is a legal contract between two parties, particularly for indentured labour or a term of apprenticeship but also for certain land transactions. The term comes from the medieval English "indenture of retainer"—a legal contract written in duplicate on the same sheet, with the copies separated by cutting along a jagged (toothed, hence the term "indenture") line so that the teeth of the two parts could later be refitted to confirm authenticity (chirograph). Each party to the deed would then retain a part. When the agreement was made before a court of law a ''tripartite'' indenture was made, with the third piece kept at the court. The term is used for any kind of deed execu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Main (ship)
The Main was a 1691-ton, iron sailing ship built by Russel & Company for the Nourse Line and launched in August 1884. She is recorded as having completed the journey from Sharpness to Calcutta on 20 July 1900 in 100 days but was mainly used to transport Indian indentured labourers to the British colonies. Details of some of these are shown below: The Main was sold to Norwegian owners in 1910-11 and renamed ''Vansa''. She was dismasted on 8 December 1917 and sank 225nm ENE Cape Hatteras on 16 December 1917. See also *Indian Indenture Ships to Fiji * Indians in Fiji *Indian indenture system The Indian indenture system was a system of indentured servitude, by which more than one million Indians were transported to labour in European colonies, as a substitute for slave labor, following the abolition of the trade in the early 19th c ... External links Indian Immigrant Ship List [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elbe (1887 Ship)
''Elbe'', was a 1,693 ton, three-masted, iron sailing ship with a length of 257 feet, breadth of 38.2 feet and depth of 23.1 feet. She was built by Russel & Company in Glasgow for the Nourse Line, named after the River Elbe the longest river in Germany and launched in July 1887. She was primarily used for the transportation of Indian indentured labourers to the colonies. Details of some of these voyages are as follows: ''Elbe''s third trip to Fiji was historic because it brought the first labourers from Madras to Fiji for the first time. Most South Indians were Tamil speakers but other languages such as Telugu and Malayalam were also represented. Conditions on board were good for the time, with regular nutritious food, plenty of exercise and an on-board hospital, and as a result there was a mortality of less than one percent. ''Elbe'' was the ship that brought the former President of Guyana, Cheddi Jagan's, parents and grandmothers to British Guiana from British India. ''E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Erne (ship)
The Erne was a fully rigged sailing ship built in the late 19th century. The details surrounding the ship's abandonment and wreck have been debated off-and-on for over one hundred years. Early career The Erne was built as a 1,692 ton, iron sailing ship with a length of , breadth of and depth of . She was built by Russel & Company for the Nourse Line, named after the River Erne in northwest of Ireland, and launched in May 1886. She was primarily used for the transportation of Indian indentured labourers to the colonies. Details of some of these voyages are as follows: In 1895, the Erne took 22 days to travel from Barbados to Liverpool. Storm at Sea On either 1 February or 26 January, 1912 the ship left Boston with a destination of Argentina. On 3 February a storm struck and the ship was cracked nearly in half, separating those at the bow from those at the stern. The damage was so heavy that the only thing keeping the ship from sinking was its hold filled with buoyant lum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ems (ship)
The ''Ems'' was a 1,829 ton, iron sailing ship with a length of , breadth of and depth of . History She was built by Charles Connell & Company, Glasgow for the Nourse Line, and named after the Ems River in north west Germany, and launched on 6 April 1893. She was primarily used for the transportation of Indian indentured labourers to the colonies. Details of some of these voyages are as follows: In 1898, she made a voyage from Bristol to Calcutta in 87 days and in 1902 arrived in Calcutta from New York in 102 days. In 1910, the ''Ems'' was sold to Tønsberg Whaling Company of Norway. She was resold in 1912 to another Norwegian owner and refitted as a whaling and guano ship. In 1916 she was sold to the Argentine Whaling Company, was renamed the ''Fortuna'' but kept her Norwegian crew. On 28 October 1927, she caught fire, off the Irish coast while on a voyage from Liverpool to South Georgia with coal and empty oil drums. She was abandoned at sea with the loss of five live ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avon (ship)
The Avon, formerly known as ''Dunolly'', was a 1,572 ton, iron sailing ship with a length of 255.6 feet, breadth of 37.6 feet and depth of 22.6 feet. She was built by Charles Connell of Glasgow in 1884 for John Brown of Glasgow. The Nourse Line bought the ship in 1890 and renamed it the Avon after the River Avon in the south west of England. She was primarily used by the Nourse Line for the transportation of Indian indentured labourers to the colonies. Details of some of these voyages are as follows: Avon was a fast ship, sailing from Calcutta to St Helena in 62 days. See also *Indian Indenture Ships to Fiji Between 1879 and 1916, a total of 42 ships made 87 voyages, carrying Indian indentured labourers to Fiji. Initially the ships brought labourers from Calcutta, but from 1903 all ships except two also brought labourers from Madras and Mumbai. ... External links AVON picture [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
British Peer (ship)
__NOTOC__ ''British Peer'' was a 1428-ton three-masted iron sailing ship built for the British Shipowners Company at the Harland and Wolff yards in Belfast, Ireland, in 1865. She was long, wide and deep. She was bought by the Nourse Line in 1883, and was the fastest vessel in their fleet until ''British Ambassador'' was commissioned. In 1878, however, ''British Peer''s sailing power was compromised when alterations were made to increase her tonnage by lengthening her hull by , and she was never as fast again. She carried a crew of 23, including her master. On 13 March 1891, during the Great Blizzard of 1891, ''British Peer'' struck the 1222-ton steamer ''Roxburgh Castle'', causing ''Roxburgh Castle'' to sink with the loss of 22 lives; there were two survivors. ''British Peer'', like other Nourse Line ships, was involved in the indentured labour trade. On 23 April 1892, she carried 527 Indian indentured labourers to Fiji. Two months later, on 11 June 1892, she arrived in Surin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jumna (ship)
Jumna was a iron-hulled full-rigged ship that was built in England in 1867 and went missing in the Atlantic Ocean in 1899. For most of her career she was in the fleet of James Nourse. ''Jumna'' was named after the Jamuna river, a tributary of the Ganges. This was the first of three ships in the Nourse Line fleet to be called ''Jumna''. The second was a steamship that was built in 1929 and sunk by a German cruiser in 1940. The third was a motor ship that was built in 1962, renamed in 1972 and scrapped in 1985. Building and identification William Pile of Sunderland built ''Jumna'', launching her on 17 August 1867. She was long, her beam was and her depth was . ''Jumna''s UK official number was 56838 and she was registered in London. By 1884 her code letters were HTNS. Voyages ''Jumna'' carried indentured labourers from India to other British Empire territories, which was a Nourse Line speciality. Details of some of these voyages are as follows: The 310 labourers she ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Danube (ship)
''Danube'', a 1,459-ton sailing ship named after the second longest river in Europe, was built in 1890 for the Nourse Line. On 15 June 1891, ''Danube'' made a voyage to Fiji carrying 591 Indian indentured labourers. She also made a trip to Trinidad carrying 609 passengers, arriving on 1 January 1892; there were 29 deaths during this voyage. Later in 1892, ''Danube'' disappeared during a voyage from Guadeloupe to New York City. Her fate remains a mystery. See also *Indian Indenture Ships to Fiji
Between 1879 and 1916, a total of 42 ships made 87 voyages, carrying Indian indentured labourers to Fiji. Initially the ships brought l ...
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Allan Shaw (ship)
''Allanshaw'' was a 1,589 ton, iron sailing ship with a length of , beam of and draught of . She was built by William Simons & Company of Renfrew for the J.G. Potter & Company of Liverpool and launched on 29 August 1874. She was bought by the Nourse Line on 26 November 1880. She was a fast ship, making the run from London to Sydney in 65 days. On 2 October 1882 she arrived in Australia with new immigrants. She was primarily used for the transportation of Indian indentured labourers to the colonies. Details of some of these voyages are as follows: On 23 March 1893 she was wrecked on Tristan da Cunha, while en route from Liverpool to Calcutta, carrying salt, with the loss of 3 lives. See also *Indian Indenture Ships to Fiji Between 1879 and 1916, a total of 42 ships made 87 voyages, carrying Indian indentured labourers to Fiji. Initially the ships brought labourers from Calcutta, but from 1903 all ships except two also brought labourers from Madras and Mumbai. ... ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhone (ship)
The Rhone, formerly known as ''Gilroy'', was a 1,768 ton, iron sailing ship with a length of 259.2 feet, breadth of 39.9 feet and depth of 23.2 feet. History The ''Rhone'' was built by John Elder of Glasgow, Scotland in 1875 for Gilroy, Sons & Company of Dundee. The Nourse Line bought the ship in 1889 and renamed it the Rhone after the River Rhone. She was primarily used by the Nourse Line for the transportation of Indian indentured labourers to the colonies. She was also used to repatriate 132 former labourers from St Lucia back to India. The Rhone was regarded as a fast ship. She made the run from Trinidad to Cape Town in 45 days and on 4 November 1894 travelled to Gravesend from Trinidad in just 24 days. Her last voyage was eventful, for her captain died while carrying rice from Calcutta to British Guiana. On reaching her destination, she got stuck in the mud and some rice had to be thrown overboard before she could be re-floated. After unloading the remainder of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moy (ship)
The ''Moy'' was a 1,697 ton, iron sailing ship with a length of , breadth of and depth of . She was built by Russel & Company for the Nourse Line, named after the River Moy in northwest of Ireland and launched in May 1885. She was primarily used for the transportation of Indian indenture labourers to the colonies. Details of some of these voyages are as follows: In 1888, the Moy repatriated 327 former indentured labourers from St Lucia back to India. During her last voyage, to British Guiana, there was an incredibly high death rate with 46 deaths, and of the remainder 88 had to be sent to hospital in Georgetown. The Surgeon Superintendent's gratuity was withheld for this incident and the captain and third officer also lost part of their pay. In February 1905, on the way back to Liverpool from British Guiana she was reported as missing. See also * Indian Indenture Ships to Fiji Between 1879 and 1916, a total of 42 ships made 87 voyages, carrying Indian indentured labou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
