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In Ekker Series, French Nuclear Tests
In Ekker was a series of 13 underground nuclear tests and five atmospheric nuclear tests by France between November 1961 and February 1966. The bombs were detonated at the Oasis Military Experiments Centre near In Ekker, French Algeria at the Tan Afella in the Hoggar Mountains, by the Nuclear Experiments Operational Group (GOEN), a unit of the Joint Special Weapons Command. The series saw the explosion of the first AN-11/21 bombs and was followed by the 1966–1970 series. Codenames The 13 underground operations were named after jewel stones, while the 5 AN-11/21 bombs tests were designated as ''Pollen I'', ''Pollen Rose'', ''Pollen Rouge'', ''Pollen Safran'' and ''Pollen Jonquille''. List of tests See also * List of nuclear weapons tests of France * Nuclear weapons and France * ''Force de Frappe'' * History of nuclear weapons Notes References {{Nuclear weapons tests of France In Ekker IN, In or in may refer to: Places * India (country code IN) * In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its Metropolitan France, metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea; overseas territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the North Atlantic, the French West Indies, and many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean. Due to its several coastal territories, France has the largest exclusive economic zone in the world. France borders Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Andorra, and Spain in continental Europe, as well as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Netherlands, Suriname, and Brazil in the Americas via its overseas territories in French Guiana and Saint Martin (island), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuclear Fallout
Nuclear fallout is the residual radioactive material propelled into the upper atmosphere following a nuclear blast, so called because it "falls out" of the sky after the explosion and the shock wave has passed. It commonly refers to the radioactive dust and ash created when a nuclear weapon explodes. The amount and spread of fallout is a product of the size of the weapon and the altitude at which it is detonated. Fallout may get entrained with the products of a pyrocumulus cloud and fall as black rain (rain darkened by soot and other particulates, which fell within 30–40 minutes of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki). This radioactive dust, usually consisting of fission products mixed with bystanding atoms that are neutron-activated by exposure, is a form of radioactive contamination. Types of fallout Fallout comes in two varieties. The first is a small amount of carcinogenic material with a long half-life. The second, depending on the height of detonation, is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Noble Gas
The noble gases (historically also the inert gases; sometimes referred to as aerogens) make up a class of chemical elements with similar properties; under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity. The six naturally occurring noble gases are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and the radioactive radon (Rn). Oganesson (Og) is a synthetically produced highly radioactive element. Although IUPAC has used the term "noble gas" interchangeably with "group 18" and thus included oganesson, it may not be significantly chemically noble and is predicted to break the trend and be reactive due to relativistic effects. Because of the extremely short 0.7 ms half-life of its only known isotope, its chemistry has not yet been investigated. For the first six periods of the periodic table, the noble gases are exactly the members of group 18. Noble gases are typically highly unreactive except when u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saphir (nuclear Test)
Saphir, meaning ''sapphire'' in several languages, may refer to: * Saphir (band), a German pop group * Saphir (rocket), a French sounding rocket * Saphir (train), a German train * Jacob Saphir (1822–1886), Russian-Jewish ethnographer, writer, and traveller * Moritz Gottlieb Saphir (1795–1858), Austrian-Jewish writer * Saphir Taïder, Algerian football player * Blue Saphir, a character in the Japanese anime ''Sailor Moon'' * French submarine ''Saphir'', any of four vessels of the French Navy * ''Saphir'' (ship), a French slave ship * SAPHIR (Sounder for Probing Vertical Profiles of Humidity), an instrument on the Megha-Tropiques spacecraft See also * * Safire (other) * Sapphire (other) * Saphire (other) * Zefir (other) * Zephir (other) Zephir may refer to: * a fictional character associated with Babar the Elephant * Thierry Zéphir (born 19??), French author and curator ;Vehicles and transportation * Fouga Zéphir, Fouga ''Zép ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turquoise (nuclear Test)
Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminium, with the chemical formula . It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been prized as a gemstone for millennia due to its hue. Like most other opaque gems, turquoise has been devalued by the introduction of treatments, imitations, and synthetics into the market. The robin egg blue or sky blue color of the Persian turquoise mined near the modern city of Nishapur, Iran, has been used as a guiding reference for evaluating turquoise quality. Names The word ''turquoise'' dates to the 17th century and is derived from the Old French ''turquois'' meaning "Turkish" because the mineral was first brought to Europe through the Ottoman Empire.Turquoise . minerals.usgs.gov However, according to [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Topaze (nuclear Test)
Topaze may refer to: * ''Topaze'' (play), a 1928 French play written by Marcel Pagnol, which spawned a number of film adaptations: ** ''Topaze'' (1933 American film), starring John Barrymore and Myrna Loy ** ''Topaze'' (1933 French film), featuring Louis Jouvet and Simone Héliard ** ''Topaze'' (1936 film), directed by Pagnol ** ''Topaze'' (1951 film), also directed by Pagnol ** ''Topaze'' (1966 film), an Australian television play adaptation **''Mr. Topaze'', a 1961 film starring Peter Sellers * HMS ''Topaze'', the name of four Royal Navy ships * French ship ''Topaze'', the name of nine ships of the French Navy *Topaze (rocket) Topaze is the designation of a French sounding rocket. The Topaze was developed by several French companies, notably Nord Aviation and Sud Aviation, [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opale (nuclear Test)
Opale () is a small settlement in the hills southeast of Žiri in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. Geography Opale is made up of the hamlet of Martinj Vrh at the crossroads in the center of the village's territory plus the hamlets of Log to the north, and Opale and Laznar to the west, as well as individual farms. Name Opale was attested in historical sources as ''Goreniissgori'' (i.e., ''Gorenje Izgorje'' 'upper Izgorje Izgorje () is a small dispersed settlement in the hills south of Žiri in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia Slovenia ( ; sl, Slovenija ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: , abbr.: ''RS''), is a country in Central Europe. ...') in 1500. References External links *Opale on Geopedia Populated places in the Municipality of Žiri {{Žiri-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rubis (nuclear Test) , a baseball team in 1926
{{Disambig ...
Rubis is the French word for ruby. Rubis may refer to: * French ship ''Rubis'', various ships of the French Navy * ''Rubis''-class submarine, a French Navy nuclear attack submarine class * Rubis (rocket), a French two-stage rocket * Scintex Rubis, a French 1960s aircraft * Rubis (company), a French-based storage and distribution company See also * ''Rubes'', a syndicated newspaper cartoon * Rubes (surname), a list of people * Riverside Rubes, a minor league baseball team (1941, 1947-1950) * Providence Rubes The Providence Rubes were an Eastern League baseball team based in Providence, Rhode Island. Their manager was Rube Marquard, after whom the team was presumably named. They were the league champions in 1926, their only year of existence. They were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Émeraude (nuclear Test)
Émeraude or emeraude is the French word for emerald and may refer to: *Emeraude Toubia, American actress *Emeraude (rocket), a French rocket system of the 1960s * French ship Émeraude, several French Naval ships *Piel Emeraude, French aircraft *Mitsubishi Emeraude, variant of the Mitsubishi Galant The Mitsubishi Galant is an automobile which was produced by Japanese manufacturer Mitsubishi from 1969 until 2012. The model name was derived from the French word ''galant'', meaning "chivalrous". There have been nine distinct generations with ... Fictional characters * Emeraude, character in the ''Magic Knight Rayearth'' anime and manga series * Emeraude, character in the ''Tales of Graces'' action role-playing game See also * Emerald (other) {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Béryl Incident
The "Béryl incident" was a French nuclear test, conducted on May 1, 1962, during which nine soldiers of the 621st Groupe d'Armes Spéciales unit were heavily contaminated by radioactivity. The test took place at In Eker, Algeria, then a French department, and was designed as an underground shaft test. Due to improper sealing of the shaft, radioactive rock and dust were released into the atmosphere. The soldiers were exposed to as much as 600 mSv. As many as 100 additional personnel were exposed to lower levels of radiation, estimated at about 50 mSv, when the radioactive cloud produced by the blast passed over the command post, due to an unexpected change in wind direction. Among those exposed were several French government officials, including French Defense Minister Pierre Messmer and Gaston Palewski, Minister of Scientific Research. A number of people from a local village were also exposed to radiation. Location The site chosen for the test was In Eker (Algerian Sah ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agate (nuclear Test)
''Agate'' was the codename of the first French nuclear underground test. It was conducted by the Joint Special Weapons Command on 7 November 1961, at the Oasis Military Experiments Centre near In Ekker, French Algeria at the Tan Afella in the Hoggar Mountains, during the Algerian War. It is named after the Agate, a rock formation used in jewelry. History ''Agate'' was the first test of the jewel designation series running from 1961 until 1966. Minor and major incidents occurred during these experiments, the most important being the Béryl incident on May 1, 1962, where the nine militarymen of the ''621ème Groupe d'Armes Spéciales'' unit were heavily contaminated (600 mSv) as portrayed in the 2006 docudrama '' Vive La Bombe!''. The French Defence Minister Pierre Messmer and other officials and civilians were present in the command post and were contaminated too (around >200 mSv). Programme *1961-11-07: Agate (Agate): 10 kt *1962-05-01: Béryl (Beryl): 40 kt *1963-03-18: à ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
