|
Ideonella
''Ideonella'' is a genus of bacteria in the family Comamonadaceae. Applications ''Ideonella sakaiensis'' In 2016 ''I. sakaiensis'' was shown to degrade PET, a polymer widely used in food containers, bottles and synthetic fibers. Adhered to a low-grade PET film, the bacteria used two novel enzymes, PETase and MHETase The Enzyme MHETase is a hydrolase, which was discovered in 2016. It cleaves Mono-(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalic acid, the PET degradation product by PETase, to ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. This pair of enzymes, PETase and MHETase, enable ..., to decompose the plastic into two environmentally benign substances, which served as their main food source. A colony of ''I. sakaiensis'' could completely degrade a low-grade plastic water bottle in six weeks. Higher-grade PET products would require heating and cooling to weaken it before bacteria could start eating. The bacteria could also be used to reduce industrial waste during plastics manufacturing. Refer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ideonella Sakaiensis
''Ideonella sakaiensis'' is a bacterium from the genus'' Ideonella'' and family Comamonadaceae capable of breaking down and consuming the plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) using it as both a carbon and energy source. The bacterium was originally isolated from a sediment sample taken outside of a plastic bottle recycling facility in Sakai City, Japan. * Discovery ''Ideonella sakaiensis'' was first identified in 2016 by a team of researchers led by Kohei Oda of Kyoto Institute of Technology and Kenji Miyamoto of Keio University after collecting a sample of PET-contaminated sediment at a plastic bottle recycling facility in Sakai, Japan. The bacteria was first isolated from a consortium of microorganisms in the sediment sample, which included protozoa and yeast-like cells. The entire microbial community was shown to mineralize 75% of the degraded PET into carbon dioxide once it had been initially degraded and assimilated by ''Ideonella sakaiensis''. Characterization Phys ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ideonella Azotifigens
''Ideonella azotifigens'' is a nitrogen-fixing, Gram-negative, oxidase- and weak catalase-positive aerobic, motile bacterium from the genus'' Ideonella'' and family Comamonadaceae, which was isolated from grass rhizosphere soil in Ithaca Ithaca most commonly refers to: *Homer's Ithaca, an island featured in Homer's ''Odyssey'' *Ithaca (island), an island in Greece, possibly Homer's Ithaca *Ithaca, New York, a city, and home of Cornell University and Ithaca College Ithaca, Ithaka ... in the United States. References External linksType strain of ''Ideonella azotifigens'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Comamonadaceae Bacteria described in 2009 {{betaproteobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ideonella Paludis
''Ideonella paludis'' is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of ''Ideonella'' which has been isolated from water from the Banping Lake in Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort .... References External linksType strain of ''Ideonella paludis'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Comamonadaceae Bacteria described in 2016 {{betaproteobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ideonella Dechloratans
''Ideonella dechloratans'' is a chlorate-respiring bacterium from the genus '' Ideonella'' and family Comamonadaceae The Comamonadaceae are a family of the Betaproteobacteria.Willems A., J. De Ley, M. Gillis, and K. Kersters. ''Comamonadaceae, a New Family Encompassing the Acidovorans rRNA Complex, Including Variovorax paradoxus gen. nov.,comb. nov. for Alcali .... References External linksType strain of ''Ideonella dechloratans'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Comamonadaceae Bacteria described in 1994 {{betaproteobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PETase
PETases are an esterase class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic to monomeric mono-2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate (MHET). The idealized chemical reaction is (where n is the number of monomers in the polymer chain): :(ethylene terephthalate)n + H2O → (ethylene terephthalate)n-1 + MHET Trace amount of the PET breaks down to bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET). PETases can also break down PEF-plastic ( polyethylene-2,5-furandicarboxylate), which is a bioderived PET replacement, into the analogous . PETases can't catalyze the hydrolysis of aliphatic polyesters like polybutylene succinate or polylactic acid. Non-enzymatic natural degradation of PET will take hundreds of years, but PETases can degrade PET in matter of days. History The first PETase was discovered in 2016 from ''Ideonella sakaiensis'' strain 201-F6 bacteria found from sludge samples collected close to a Japanese PET bottle recycling site. Other types of PET degradi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MHETase
The Enzyme MHETase is a hydrolase, which was discovered in 2016. It cleaves Mono-(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalic acid, the PET degradation product by PETase, to ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. This pair of enzymes, PETase and MHETase, enable the bacterium ''Ideonella sakaiensis'' to live on the plastic PET as sole carbon source. Chemical reaction The first enzyme of the PET degradation pathway, PETase, cleaves this plastic into the intermediates MHET ( Mono-(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalic acid) and minor amounts BHET ( Bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalic acid). MHETase hydrolyses the ester bond of MHET forming terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. Besides its natural substrate MHET the chromogenic substrate MpNPT, Mono-p-nitrophenyl-terephthalate, is also hydrolyzed well. This can be used to measure the enzymatic activity and determine the kinetic parameters. Ferulate and gallate esters, substrates of the closest relatives in the tannase family, are not converted. p-Nitropheny ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Comamonadaceae
The Comamonadaceae are a family of the Betaproteobacteria.Willems A., J. De Ley, M. Gillis, and K. Kersters. ''Comamonadaceae, a New Family Encompassing the Acidovorans rRNA Complex, Including Variovorax paradoxus gen. nov.,comb. nov. for Alcaligenes paradoxus (Davis 1969).'' 1991. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 41: 445-45PDF Online/ref> Like all Pseudomonadota, they are Gram-negative. They are aerobic Aerobic means "requiring air," in which "air" usually means oxygen. Aerobic may also refer to * Aerobic exercise, prolonged exercise of moderate intensity * Aerobics, a form of aerobic exercise * Aerobic respiration, the aerobic process of cel ... and most of the species are motile via flagella. The cells are curved rod-shaped.Garrity, George M.; Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James T. (eds.) (2005). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume Two: The Proteobacteria, Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria. New York ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyethylene Terephthalate
Polyethylene terephthalate (or poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, PETE, or the obsolete PETP or PET-P), is the most common thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in fibres for clothing, containers for liquids and foods, and thermoforming for manufacturing, and in combination with glass fibre for engineering resins. In 2016, annual production of PET was 56 million tons. The biggest application is in fibres (in excess of 60%), with bottle production accounting for about 30% of global demand. In the context of textile applications, PET is referred to by its common name, polyester, whereas the acronym ''PET'' is generally used in relation to packaging. Polyester makes up about 18% of world polymer production and is the fourth-most-produced polymer after polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). PET consists of repeating (C10H8O4) units. PET is commonly recycled, and has the digit 1 (♳) as its resin identification code (RIC). T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polymer
A polymer (; Greek '' poly-'', "many" + ''-mer'', "part") is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules called macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits. Due to their broad spectrum of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers play essential and ubiquitous roles in everyday life. Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins that are fundamental to biological structure and function. Polymers, both natural and synthetic, are created via polymerization of many small molecules, known as monomers. Their consequently large molecular mass, relative to small molecule compounds, produces unique physical properties including toughness, high elasticity, viscoelasticity, and a tendency to form amorphous and semicrystalline structures rather than crystals. The term "polymer" derives from the Greek word πολύς (''polus'', meaning "many, much") and μέρος (''meros'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enzyme
Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. Metabolic pathways depend upon enzymes to catalyze individual steps. The study of enzymes is called ''enzymology'' and the field of pseudoenzyme analysis recognizes that during evolution, some enzymes have lost the ability to carry out biological catalysis, which is often reflected in their amino acid sequences and unusual 'pseudocatalytic' properties. Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Other biocatalysts are catalytic RNA molecules, called ribozymes. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures. Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the reaction ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteria Genera
This article lists the genera of the bacteria. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). However many taxonomic names are taken from the GTDB release 07-RS207 (8th April 2022). Phyla {, border="0" style="width: 100%;" ! , - , style="border:0px" valign="top", {, class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; font-size: 95%;" !Syperphylum !Phylum !Authority !Synonyms , - , Parakaryota , , , Myojin parakaryote , - , , " Canglongiota" , Zhang et al. 2022 , , - , , " Fervidibacteria" , , OctSpa1-106 , - , , " Heilongiota" , Zhang et al. 2022 , , - , , " Qinglongiota" , Zhang et al. 2022 , , - , , " Salinosulfoleibacteria" , Tazi et al. 2006 , , - , , " Teskebacteria" , Dojka 1998 , WS1 , - , , " Tharpellota" , Speth et al. 2022 , , - , Terrabacteria , Chloroflexota , Whitman et al. 2018 , "Thermomicrobiota" , - , Terrabacteria , " Dormibacterot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
