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ISM Applications
The ISM radio bands are radio band, portions of the radio spectrum reserved internationally for industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) purposes, excluding applications in telecommunications. Examples of applications for the use of radio frequency (RF) energy in these bands include Radio frequency heating, radio-frequency process heating, microwave ovens, and medical diathermy machines. The powerful emissions of these devices can create electromagnetic interference and disrupt radio communication using the same frequency, so these devices are limited to certain bands of frequencies. In general, communications equipment operating in ISM bands must tolerate any interference generated by ISM applications, and users have no regulatory protection from ISM device operation in these bands. Despite the intent of the original allocations, in recent years the fastest-growing use of these bands has been for Short-range device, short-range, low power Wireless Communications & Mobile Computin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radio Band
The radio spectrum is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum with frequencies from 0 Hz to 3,000 GHz (3 THz). Electromagnetic waves in this frequency range, called radio waves, are widely used in modern technology, particularly in telecommunication. To prevent interference between different users, the generation and transmission of radio waves is strictly regulated by national laws, coordinated by an international body, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Different parts of the radio spectrum are allocated by the ITU for different radio transmission technologies and applications; some 40 radiocommunication services are defined in the ITU's Radio Regulations (RR). In some cases, parts of the radio spectrum are sold or licensed to operators of private radio transmission services (for example, cellular telephone operators or broadcast television stations). Ranges of allocated frequencies are often referred to by their provisioned use (for example, c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wireless Network
A wireless network is a computer network that uses wireless data connections between network nodes. Wireless networking is a method by which homes, telecommunications networks and business installations avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building, or as a connection between various equipment locations. Admin telecommunications networks are generally implemented and administered using radio communication. This implementation takes place at the physical level (layer) of the OSI model network structure. Examples of wireless networks include cell phone networks, wireless local area networks (WLANs), wireless sensor networks, satellite communication networks, and terrestrial microwave networks. History Wireless networks The first professional wireless network was developed under the brand ALOHAnet in 1969 at the University of Hawaii and became operational in June 1971. The first commercial wireless network was the WaveLAN product family, developed by NCR i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Earth Exploration-satellite Service
An Earth observation satellite or Earth remote sensing satellite is a satellite used or designed for Earth observation (EO) from orbit, including spy satellites and similar ones intended for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, cartography and others. The most common type are Earth imaging satellites, that take satellite images, analogous to aerial photographs; some EO satellites may perform remote sensing without forming pictures, such as in GNSS radio occultation. The first occurrence of satellite remote sensing can be dated to the launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. Sputnik 1 sent back radio signals, which scientists used to study the ionosphere. The United States Army Ballistic Missile Agency launched the first American satellite, Explorer 1, for NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory on January 31, 1958. The information sent back from its radiation detector led to the discovery of the Earth's V ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CB Radio
Citizens band radio (also known as CB radio), used in many countries, is a land mobile radio system, a system allowing short-distance person-to-many persons bidirectional voice communication among individuals, using two way radios operating on 40 channels near 27 MHz (11 m) in the high frequency (a.k.a. shortwave) band. Citizens band is distinct from other personal radio service allocations such as FRS, GMRS, MURS, UHF CB and the Amateur Radio Service ( "ham" radio). In many countries, CB operation does not require a license, and (unlike amateur radio) it may be used for business or personal communications. Like many other land mobile radio services, multiple radios in a local area share a single frequency channel, but only one can transmit at a time. The radio is normally in receive mode to receive transmissions of other radios on the channel; when users want to talk they press a "push to talk" button on their radio, which turns on their transmitter. Users o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aeronautical Mobile Service
Aeronautical mobile service (short: AMS; also: aeronautical mobile radiocommunication service') is – according to ''Article 1.32'' of the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as "A mobile service between aeronautical stations and aircraft stations, or between aircraft stations, in which survival craft stations may participate; emergency position-indicating radiobeacon stations may also participate in this service on designated distress and emergency frequencies." Classification Variations of this radiocommunication service in line to the ITU Radio Regulations article 1 are as follows : Mobile service (article 1.24) *Aeronautical mobile service (article 1.32) ** Aeronautical mobile (R)° service (article 1.33) ** Aeronautical mobile (OR)°° service (article 1.34) **Aeronautical mobile-satellite service (article 1.35) *** Aeronautical mobile-satellite (R)° service (article 1.36) *** Aeronautical mobile-satellite (OR)°° service ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aeronautical Mobile (R) Service
Aeronautical mobile (R) service (short: AM(R)S; | also: ''aeronautical mobile radiocommunication (R) service'') is – according to ''Article 1.33'' of the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as ''«An aeronautical mobile service reserved for communications relating to safety and regularity of flight, primarily along national or international civil air routes.»'' This service is a so-called safety-of-life service, must be protected for Interferences, and is essential part of air traffic control. ;See also: Classification This ''radiocommunication service'' is classified in accordance with ''ITU Radio Regulations'' (article 1) as follows: Mobile service (article 1.24) *Aeronautical mobile service (article 1.32) **Aeronautical mobile (R)° service (article 1.33) ** Aeronautical mobile (OR)°° (article 1.34) **Aeronautical mobile-satellite service (article 1.35) *** Aeronautical mobile-satellite (R)° service (article 1.3 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mobile Service
Mobile service is – in line to ITU Radio Regulations – a radiocommunication service between mobile and land stations, or between mobile stations (CV). Classification In accordance with ''ITU Radio Regulations'' (article 1) variations of this ''radiocommunication service'' are classified as follows: ;Mobile service: *Mobile-satellite service (article 1.25) *Land mobile service (article 1.26) **Land mobile-satellite service (article 1.27) *Maritime mobile service (article 1.28) **Maritime mobile-satellite service (article 1.29) ** Port operations service (article 1.30) ** Ship movement service (article 1.31) *Aeronautical mobile service (article 1.32) ** Aeronautical mobile (R)° service (article 1.33) ** Aeronautical mobile (OR)°° service (article 1.33) **Aeronautical mobile-satellite service (article 1.35) *** Aeronautical mobile-satellite (R)° service (article 1.36) *** Aeronautical mobile-satellite (OR)°° service (article 1.37) (R)° = abbreviation to route flights (rout ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fixed Service
In telecommunications, a fixed service (or fixed radiocommunication service) is a radiocommunication service between specified fixed points. Classification The ITU Radio Regulations (article 1) classify variations of this radiocommunication service as follows: *Fixed-satellite service (article 1.21); Fixed station (article 1.66) *Inter-satellite service (article 1.22) *Earth exploration-satellite service (article 1.51) ** Meteorological-satellite service (article 1.52) Examples In line with national regulations there are numerous radio applications in accordance with ITU RR article 1.20 on fixed services. These include: * Radio relay * Troposcatter radiocommunication * Embassy radiocommunication, between fixed point * Fixed wireless Fixed wireless is the operation of wireless communication devices or systems used to connect two fixed locations (e.g., building to building or tower to building) with a radio or other wireless link, such as laser bridge. Usually, fixed wir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Short Range Devices
A short-range device (SRD), described by ECC Recommendation 70-03, is a radio-frequency transmitter device used in telecommunication for the transmission of information, which has low capability of causing harmful interference to other radio equipment. Short-range devices are low-power transmitters typically limited to 25–100 mW effective radiated power (ERP) or less, depending on the frequency band, which limits their useful range to few hundred meters, and do not require a license from their users. Short-range wireless technologies include Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, near-field communication (NFC), LPWAN, ultra-wideband (UWB) and IEEE 802.15.4. They are implemented by chips fabricated as RF CMOS integrated circuit (RF circuit). , short-range wireless chips ship approximately billion units annually, with Bluetooth accounting for over 55% of shipments and Wi-Fi around 35% of shipments. Applications for short-range wireless devices include power meters and other remote ins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ETSI
The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) is an independent, not-for-profit, standardization organization in the field of information and communications. ETSI supports the development and testing of global technical standards for ICT-enabled systems, applications and services. Overview ETSI was set up in 1988 by the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations ( CEPT) following a proposal from the European Commission. ETSI is the officially recognized body with a responsibility for the standardization of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). It is one of the three bodies, the others being CEN and CENELEC, officially recognized by the European Union as a European Standards Organization (ESO). The role of the European Standards Organizations is to support EU regulation and policies through the production of Harmonised European Standards and other deliverables. The standards developed by ESOs are the only ones that can be rec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Part 15 (FCC Rules)
Code of Federal Regulations, 'Title 47, Part 15(47 CFR 15) is an oft-quoted part of Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules and regulations regarding unlicensed transmissions. It is a part of Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), and regulates everything from spurious emissions to unlicensed low-power broadcasting. Nearly every electronics device sold inside the United States radiates unintentional emissions, and must be reviewed to comply with Part 15 before it can be advertised or sold in the US market. Subparts A - General Subpart A includes 21 sections from 15.1 to 15.38. states that any radiator (that which emits radio energy), whether or not intentional, must be licensed unless it meets 47 CFR 15 or is otherwise exempted by the FCC. the definitions are defined by the definition given. contains a general provision that devices may not cause interference and must accept any interference received. You are cautioned that any changes or modificatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federal Communications Commission
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that regulates communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable across the United States. The FCC maintains jurisdiction over the areas of broadband access, fair competition, radio frequency use, media responsibility, public safety, and homeland security. The FCC was formed by the Communications Act of 1934 to replace the radio regulation functions of the Federal Radio Commission. The FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission. The FCC's mandated jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the territories of the United States. The FCC also provides varied degrees of cooperation, oversight, and leadership for similar communications bodies in other countries of North America. The FCC is funded entirely by regulatory fees. It has an estimated fiscal-2022 budget of US $388 million. It has 1,482 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
