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IP Tunneling
An IP tunnel is an Internet Protocol (IP) network communications channel between two networks. It is used to transport another network protocol by encapsulation of its packets. IP tunnels are often used for connecting two disjoint IP networks that don't have a native routing path to each other, via an underlying routable protocol across an intermediate transport network. In conjunction with the IPsec protocol they may be used to create a virtual private network between two or more private networks across a public network such as the Internet. Another prominent use is to connect islands of IPv6 installations across the IPv4 Internet. In IP tunnelling, every IP packet, including addressing information of its source and destination IP networks, is encapsulated within another packet format native to the transit network. At the borders between the source network and the transit network, as well as the transit network and the destination network, gateways are used that establish t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Internet Protocol
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the network layer communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially establishes the Internet. IP has the task of delivering packets from the source host to the destination host solely based on the IP addresses in the packet headers. For this purpose, IP defines packet structures that encapsulate the data to be delivered. It also defines addressing methods that are used to label the datagram with source and destination information. IP was the connectionless datagram service in the original Transmission Control Program introduced by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in 1974, which was complemented by a connection-oriented service that became the basis for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The Internet protocol suite is therefore often referred to as ''TCP/IP''. The first major version of IP, Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is the do ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
6in4
6in4 is an IPv6 transition mechanism for migrating from Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) to IPv6. It is a tunneling protocol that encapsulates IPv6 packets on specially configured IPv4 links according to the specifications of . The IP protocol number for 6in4 is ''41'', per IANA reservation. The 6in4 packet format consists of the IPv6 packet preceded by an IPv4 packet header. Thus, the encapsulation overhead is the size of the IPv4 header of 20 bytes. On Ethernet with a maximum transmission unit (MTU) of 1500 bytes, IPv6 packets of 1480 bytes may therefore be transmitted without fragmentation. 6in4 tunneling is also referred to as ''proto-41 static'' because the endpoints are configured statically. Although 6in4 tunnels are generally manually configured, the utility AICCU can configure tunnel parameters automatically after retrieving information from a Tunnel Information and Control Protocol (TIC) server. The similarly named methods 6to4 or 6over4 describe a different mechanis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Generic Routing Encapsulation
Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) is a tunneling protocol developed by Cisco Systems that can encapsulate a wide variety of network layer protocols inside virtual point-to-point links or point-to-multipoint links over an Internet Protocol network. Example uses * In conjunction with PPTP to create VPNs. * In conjunction with IPsec VPNs to allow passing of routing information between connected networks. * In mobility protocols. * In A8/A10 interfaces to encapsulate IP data to/from Packet Control Function (PCF). * Linux and BSD can establish ad-hoc IP over GRE tunnels which are interoperable with Cisco equipment. * Distributed denial of service (DDoS) protected appliance to an unprotected endpoint. Example protocol stack Based on the principles of protocol layering in OSI, protocol encapsulation, not specifically GRE, breaks the layering order. It may be viewed as a separator between two different protocol stacks, one acting as a carrier for another. Delivery protocols GRE pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tunnel Setup Protocol
In computer networking, the Tunnel Setup Protocol (TSP) is an experimental networking control protocol used to negotiate IP tunnel setup parameters between a tunnel client host and a tunnel broker server, the tunnel end-points. A major use of TSP is in IPv6 transition mechanisms. Parameter negotiation The TSP protocol performs negotiation of the following parameters: *User authentication using the Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) protocol *Tunnel encapsulation for a variety of tunneling scenarios: **IPv6 over IPv4 tunnels **IPv4 over IPv6 tunnels **IPv6 over UDP/IPv4 tunnels for built-in traversal of network address translators (NAT) *IP address assignment for both tunnel endpoints *Domain Name System (DNS) registration of end point addresses and reverse DNS *Tunnel keep-alive mechanism as needed *IPv6 address prefix assignment for routers *Routing protocols TSP Session A TSP session is initiated by the TSP client in the goal of establishing an end-to-end tunnel wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mbone
Mbone (short for "multicast backbone") was an experimental backbone and virtual network built on top of the Internet for carrying IP multicast traffic on the Internet. It was developed in the early 1990s and required specialized hardware and software.Lewis, Peter H"Peering Out a 'Real Time' Window" ''The New York Times'', 8 February 1995. Retrieved 26 August 2009. Since the operators of most Internet routers have disabled IP multicast due to concerns regarding bandwidth tracking and billing, the Mbone was created to connect multicast-capable networks over the existing Internet infrastructure. History Mbone was created by Van Jacobson, Steve Deering and Stephen Casner in 1992 based on a suggestion by Allison Mankin. On May 23, 1993, '' Wax or the Discovery of Television Among the Bees'' was streamed over the Mbone, becoming "the first movie to be transmitted on the Internet." On June 24, 1993, the band Severe Tire Damage was the first to perform live on the Mbone. On November ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol
The Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP), defined in , is a routing protocol used to share information between routers to facilitate the transportation of IP multicast packets among networks. It formed the basis of the Internet's historic multicast backbone, Mbone. Operation The protocol is based on the Routing Information Protocol (RIP). The router generates a routing table with the multicast group of which it has knowledge with corresponding distances (i.e. number of devices/routers between the router and the destination). When a multicast packet is received by a router, it is forwarded by the router's interfaces specified in the routing table. DVMRP operates via a reverse path flooding technique, sending a copy of a received packet (specifically |
Content-control Software
An Internet filter is software that restricts or controls the content an Internet user is capable to access, especially when utilized to restrict material delivered over the Internet via the Web, Email, or other means. Content-control software determines what content will be available or be blocked. Such restrictions can be applied at various levels: a government can attempt to apply them nationwide (see Internet censorship), or they can, for example, be applied by an Internet service provider to its clients, by an employer to its personnel, by a school to its students, by a library to its visitors, by a parent to a child's computer, or by an individual users to their own computers. The motive is often to prevent access to content which the computer's owner(s) or other authorities may consider objectionable. When imposed without the consent of the user, content control can be characterised as a form of internet censorship. Some content-control software includes time control func ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Firewall (computing)
In computing, a firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. A firewall typically establishes a barrier between a trusted network and an untrusted network, such as the Internet. History The term ''firewall'' originally referred to a wall intended to confine a fire within a line of adjacent buildings. Later uses refer to similar structures, such as the metal sheet separating the engine compartment of a vehicle or aircraft from the passenger compartment. The term was applied in the late 1980s to network technology that emerged when the Internet was fairly new in terms of its global use and connectivity. The predecessors to firewalls for network security were routers used in the late 1980s. Because they already segregated networks, routers could apply filtering to packets crossing them. Before it was used in real-life computing, the term appeared in the 1983 computer-hacking movie ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4in6
4in6 refers to tunneling of IPv4 in IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP), the communication protocol, communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic .... It is an Internet interoperation mechanism allowing Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) to be used in an IPv6 only network. 4in6 uses tunneling to encapsulate IPv4 traffic over configured IPv6 tunnels as defined in . 4in6 tunnels are usually manually configured but they can be automated using protocols such as TSP to allow easy connection to a tunnel broker. References {{reflist IPv6 transition technologies Tunneling protocols Network protocols ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IP In IP
IP in IP is an IP tunneling protocol that encapsulates one IP packet in another IP packet. To encapsulate an IP packet in another IP packet, an outer header is added with Source IP, the entry point of the tunnel, and Destination IP, the exit point of the tunnel. While doing this, the inner packet is unmodified (except the TTL field, which is decremented). The Don't Fragment and the Type Of Service fields should be copied to the outer packet. If the packet size, including the outer header, is greater than the Path MTU, the encapsulator fragments the packet. The decapsulator will reassemble the packet. packet encapsulated in IP packet Outer IP header has the following fields: Version: 4 bitsThis field is the Protocol version number. It is always 4 as IP in IP is supported for IPv4 Header Length: 4 bits This field is the length of outer IP header Type of Service (TOS): 8 bits This field is copied from the inner IP header Total Length: 16 bits This field is the length of the en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Encapsulation (networking)
In computer networking, encapsulation is a method of designing modular communication protocols in which logically separate functions in the network are abstracted from their underlying structures by inclusion or information hiding within higher-level objects. In other words, encapsulation "takes information from a higher layer and adds a header to it, treating the higher layer information as data". The physical layer is responsible for physical transmission of the data, link encapsulation allows local area networking, IP provides global addressing of individual computers, and TCP selects the process or application (i.e., the TCP or UDP port) that specifies the service such as a Web or TFTP server. During encapsulation, each layer builds a protocol data unit (PDU) by adding a header and optionally a trailer, both of which contain control information to the PDU from the layer above. For example, in the IP suite, the contents of a web page are encapsulated with an HTTP hea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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