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Hoplocampa Testudinea
''Hoplocampa testudinea'', the apple sawfly or European apple sawfly, is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. It is native to Europe but has been accidentally introduced into North America where it became invasive. The larvae feed inside the developing fruits of the apple tree. Description The adult apple sawfly is up to long with a brownish-black head and thorax and a brown abdomen. The larva is a caterpillar-like grub with a brown head and white body, growing to about when fully developed. It can be distinguished from the codling moth (''Cydia pomonella'') larva by being creamy-white, with seven pairs of abdominal legs, while the latter is pinkish-white and has five pairs. The sawfly larva is active in the fruits two or three weeks earlier in the season than the codling larva. Distribution Native to Europe, this sawfly is widespread between 60° and 40° north latitude. Populations are also known in the western areas of the former USSR and in northern Turkey. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug
Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug (5 May 1775, in Berlin – 3 February 1856, in Berlin), was a German entomologist. He described the butterflies and some other insects of Upper Egypt and Arabia in Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg and Wilhelm Friedrich Hemprich's ''Symbolæ Physicæ'' (Berlin, 1829–1845). He was professor of medicine and entomology in the University of Berlin (known in the present day as the Humboldt University of Berlin) where he curated the insect collections from 1810 to 1856. At the same time he directed the Botanic Garden in Berlin which contains his collections. Klug worked mainly on Hymenoptera and Coleoptera. The plant genus '' Klugia'' (now called '' Rhynchoglossum'', Family Gesneriaceae) was named in his honour as well as the butterflies ''Geitoneura klugii'' and '' Heliophisma klugii''. In 1855, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Works (Partial List) * Die Blattwespen nach ihren Gattungen und Arten zusammengestellt. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Discovery (apple)
'Discovery' is an early season dessert apple cultivar. One of its parents was the 'Worcester Pearmain', with the pollinator thought to possibly be ' Beauty of Bath'.Morgan, J. & Richards, A. (Illus. Dowle, E.) (2002), ''The New Book of Apples'', History 'Discovery' was first introduced to the market by the Suffolk nurseryman Jack Matthews. In around 1949, George Dummer, a fruit farm worker from Blacksmiths Corner, Langham, Essex, raised several apple seedlings from an open-pollinated 'Worcester Pearmain'.Morgan & Richards, 2002, p. 201Ketch, D. ''et al'', ''The Common Ground Book of Orchards'', London: Common Ground, 2000, p.108 He decided to transplant the best of the apples into his front garden, although the young tree was left unplanted and exposed to frost, wrapped only in sacking, for several months due to a family accident.Starkey, S. ''Discovering the Discovery apple'', ''The Nottingham Post'', 6-09-14Morgan & Richards, 2002, p. 201 The tree survived and later came to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quassia Amara
''Quassia amara'', also known as amargo, bitter-ash, bitter-wood, or hombre grande (spanish for ''big man'') is a species in the genus ''Quassia'', with some botanists treating it as the sole species in the genus. The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus who named it after the first botanist to describe it: the Surinamese freedman Graman Quassi. ''Q. amara'' is used as insecticide, in traditional medicine and as additive in the food industry. Name, image, harvested organ ''Quassia'' (genus) ''amara'' (species) is an attractive small evergreen shrub or tree from the tropics and belongs to the family ''Simaroubaceae''. ''Q. amara'' was named after called Graman Quassi, and enslaved healer and botanist who showed Europeans the plant's fever treating uses. The name "amara" means "bitter" in Latin and describes its very bitter taste. ''Q. amara'' contents more than thirty phytochemicals with biological activities in its tissues including the very bitter compound quassin. Therefore, it i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quassin
Quassin is a white, bitter, crystalline substance that is the prototypical example of the family of quassinoids. It can be extracted from the quassia tree, from which it gets its name. It was first isolated in 1937 and its chemical structure was elucidated in 1961. It is one of the most bitter substances found in nature, with a bitter threshold of 0.08 ppm and it is 50 times more bitter than quinine.Scientific Committee on FooOpinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on quassin (expressed on 2 July 2002). SCF/CS/FLAV/FLAVOUR/29 Final Extracts of the bitterwood tree (''Quassia amara'') containing quassin are used as additives in soft drinks. Although its skeleton possesses 20 carbon atoms, quassin is not a diterpene but rather a triterpene lactone Lactones are cyclic carboxylic esters, containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure (), or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring. Lactones are formed by intramolecular esterific ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plum Curculio
The plum curculio (''Conotrachelus nenuphar'') is a true weevil native to the regions east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada. It is notorious for destroying fruits if left uncontrolled. Life stages A female curculio uses a number of hosts to lay her eggs in, including plums, peaches, apples, pears, and other pome and stone fruits. After the female has chosen a suitable host, she will build an egg chamber under the fruit skin to receive the egg. She then turns around and places the egg in the cavity. Next, she slices a curved slit underneath the egg cavity, leaving the egg in a flap of flesh and causing a crescent-shaped scar on the outside of the fruit. Without this curved slit, eggs are killed by pressure from the growth of the host fruit. Appearance Plum curculio larvae are typically 6 to 9 mm long when fully grown, when they reach the pupal stage measuring about 5 to 7 mm; all adult characteristics are visible in this stage prior to tran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora
''Heterorhabditis bacteriophora'' is a species of entomopathogenic nematode known commonly as beneficial nematodes. They are microscopic and are used in gardening as a form of biological pest control. They are used to control ants, fleas, moths, beetles, flies, weevils, and other pests. These beneficial nematodes enter target insect larva via mouth, anus or respiratory openings and starts to feed. To reproduce the nematodes release ''Photorhabdus'' bacteria from their digestive tract. The bacteria rapidly multiply in the target insect larva and kills it. The nematodes then use the larva cadaver to grow and reproduce. Biological Systems Research These nematodes are amenable to ''in vitro'' culture, making them of interest to evolutionary and molecular biologists who investigate parasitic and symbiotic systems. ''Heterorhabditis bacteriophora'' was selected by the National Human Genome Research Institute The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) is an institute of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Steinernema Feltiae
Steinernema is a genus of nematodes in the family of Steinernematidae. The genus ''Steinernema'' is named after the nematologist Gotthold Steiner. Life cycle Species form symbiotic relationships with ''Xenorhabdus'' and ''Photorhabdus'' bacteria. The free-living third stage juvenile, termed a dauer juvenile, enters its insect hosts through natural openings, such as the mouth, anus, and spiracles. Bacterial cells from the intestines are regurgitated into the insect. The insect hemolymph provides a rich medium for the bacterial cells which grow, releasing toxins and exoenzymes, causing the insect host to die from septicemia. The bacteria also produce other compounds to protect the insect from other microbes in the soil. The nematode moves out of its developmentally arrested third, nonfeeding stage, triggered by either bacterial or insect food signals. The nematodes feed on the bacteria and moult to the fourth stage, reaching adulthood within a few days. with separate male an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Steinernema Carpocapsae
''Steinernema carpocapsae'' is an entomopathogenic nematode and a member of the family Steinernematidae. It is a parasitic roundworm that has evolved an insect-killing symbiosis with bacteria, and kills its hosts within a few days of infection. This parasite releases its bacterial symbiont along with a variety of proteins into the host after infection, and together the bacteria and nematode overcome host immunity and kill the host quickly. As a consequence, ''S. carpocapsae'' has been widely adapted for use as a biological control agent in agriculture and pest control. ''S. carpocapsae'' is considered a generalist parasite and has been effectively used to control a variety of insects including: Webworms, cutworms, armyworms, girdlers, some weevils, and wood-borers. This species is an example of an "ambush" forager, standing on its tail in an upright position near the soil surface and attaching to passing hosts, even capable of jumping. As an ambush forager, ''S. carpocapsae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nematode
The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-Parasitism, parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broad range of environments. Less formally, they are categorized as Helminths, but are taxonomically classified along with Arthropod, arthropods, Tardigrade, tardigrades and other moulting animalia, animals in the clade Ecdysozoa, and unlike platyhelminthe, flatworms, have tubular digestion, digestive systems with openings at both ends. Like tardigrades, they have a reduced number of Hox genes, but their sister phylum Nematomorpha has kept the ancestral protostome Hox genotype, which shows that the reduction has occurred within the nematode phylum. Nematode species can be difficult to distinguish from one another. Consequently, estimates of the number of nematode species described to date vary by author and may change rapidly over ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Pest Control
Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests, such as insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases, using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It can be an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs. There are three basic strategies for biological pest control: classical (importation), where a natural enemy of a pest is introduced in the hope of achieving control; inductive (augmentation), in which a large population of natural enemies are administered for quick pest control; and inoculative (conservation), in which measures are taken to maintain natural enemies through regular reestablishment. Natural enemies of insect pests, also known as biological control agents, include predators, parasitoids, pathogens, and competitors. Biological control agents of plant diseases are most often referred to as antagonists. Biologic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lathrolestes Ensator
''Lathrolestes ensator'' is a species of wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. it is a parasitoid of the apple sawfly ''Hoplocampa testudinea''. Both insects are native to Europe, but the sawfly has been accidentally introduced into North America where it has become established. The larvae of the sawfly tunnel into developing apple fruitlets which later fall to the ground, where the larvae continue their development. The wasp parasitises the larvae and has been released in North America as part of a biological control programme for the sawfly. Ecology In a research study in the Netherlands, ''L. ensator'' was the only parasitoid of the apple sawfly larvae that was found, and the sawfly was the only host used by it. The wasp preferentially chose second instar larvae in which to lay eggs, and the spring emergence of the adult wasp usually synchronised with this stage of the host's life cycle. The female wasp produced around 150 eggs but did not actually oviposit as many as half o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
