''Lathrolestes ensator'' is a species of wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. it is a

parasitoid In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host (biology), host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionarily stable str ...

of the apple sawfly ''

Hoplocampa testudinea ''Hoplocampa testudinea'', the apple sawfly or European apple sawfly, is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. It is native to Europe but has been accidentally introduced into North America where it became invasive. The larvae feed i ...

''. Both insects are native to Europe, but the sawfly has been accidentally introduced into North America where it has become established. The larvae of the sawfly tunnel into developing apple fruitlets which later fall to the ground, where the larvae continue their development. The wasp parasitises the larvae and has been released in North America as part of a biological control programme for the sawfly.

Ecology

In a research study in the Netherlands, ''L. ensator'' was the only parasitoid of the apple sawfly larvae that was found, and the sawfly was the only

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used by it. The wasp preferentially chose second instar larvae in which to lay eggs, and the spring emergence of the adult wasp usually synchronised with this stage of the host's life cycle. The female wasp produced around 150 eggs but did not actually oviposit as many as half of these.

Use in biological control

In Europe, the apple sawfly is part of the food web, but when it was accidentally introduced into North America, there were no natural enemies to control it and it caused much damage to the apple crop. In a classical biological control programme. ''L. ensator'' was released into Quebec between 1994 and 2001 and became established in the Frelighsburg area. Further work was undertaken between 2002 and 2015 to spread the parasite throughout eastern North America. This was done by collecting fallen fruitlets of apple trees in infected orchards in the Frelighsburg area, and scattering them in orchards in other parts of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Hampshire. As a result of this introduction, the wasp became established in three other parts of Quebec and in

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in Ontario.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q3120884 Ichneumoninae Insects described in 1898 Insects used as insect pest control agents Biological pest control wasps Parasites of Hymenoptera