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Holotrich
Holotricha is an order of ciliates. The classification has fallen from use as a formal taxon, but the terms "holotrich" and "holotrichous" are still applied descriptively to organisms with cilia of uniform length distributed evenly over the surface of the body. Etymology The term ''holotrich'' derives from the ancient greek (), meaning "whole, entire", and , (), meaning 'hair', because of the even distribution of cilia over the surface of the cell. Classification The order Holotricha was erected in 1859 by Friedrich Stein, who developed a system of classification in which ciliates were categorized according to the type and distribution of their cilia. The four major subdivisions of Stein's Ciliata were: Heterotricha, Peritricha, Hypotricha and Holotricha. The latter was reserved for organisms with cilia covering the entire surface of the body. The order included five families, within which a very diverse collection of genera were grouped. Among the better-known ciliates in Stein ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frontonia Leucas From Gary Calkins Drawn By Schewiakoff
''Frontonia'' is a genus of free-living unicellular ciliate protists, belonging to the order Peniculida. As Peniculids, the ''Frontonia'' are closely related to members of the genus ''Paramecium''. However, whereas ''Paramecia'' are mainly bacterivores, ''Frontonia'' are capable of ingesting large prey such as diatoms, filamentous algae, testate amoebas, and even, in some circumstances, members of their own species. In bacteria-rich saprobic conditions, ''Frontonia leucas'' can live as a facultative bacterivore. ''Frontonia'' are widely dispersed, and members of the genus can be found in marine and freshwater environments on every continent. Appearance and characteristics ''Frontonia'' species vary in length from 50 to 600 micrometres. Cell bodies are typically ovoid or elongate, and somewhat flattened from back to front. They are flexible, uniformly ciliated, and usually surrounded by trichocysts. The small oral aperture is pear-shaped, and located in the anterior half ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Loxodes
''Loxodes'' is a genus of karyorelictean ciliates, belonging to family Loxodidae. It is the only known karyorelictean ciliate that lives in freshwater habitats. The term ''Loxodes'' derives from the ancient greek (), meaning "oblique, tilted". Ecology ''Loxodes'' lives in freshwater habitats such as lakes and ponds, unlike other karyorelictean ciliates such as the other loxodid genus ''Remanella'', which live in brackish-water or marine habitats. They feed on bacteria and protists such as microalgae. It is microaerobic, preferring low concentrations of oxygen, below 5% atmospheric saturation. It can also survive extended periods in anoxic water, where oxygen is absent. Under such conditions, ''Loxodes'' is able to use nitrate instead of oxygen as an electron acceptor for respiration. Nitrate respiration is rare among eukaryotes, and ''Loxodes'' was the first eukaryote known to have this capability. ''Loxodes'' is also sensitive to light. Geotaxis Both genera in the fam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Membranelle
Membranelles (also membranellae) are structures found around the mouth, or cytostome, in ciliates. They are typically arranged in series, to form an "adoral zone of membranelles," or AZM, on the left side of the buccal cavity (peristome). The membranelles are made up of kinetosomes arranged in groups to make up ''polykinetids''. The cilia The cilium, plural cilia (), is a membrane-bound organelle found on most types of eukaryotic cell, and certain microorganisms known as ciliates. Cilia are absent in bacteria and archaea. The cilium has the shape of a slender threadlike proje ... which emerge from these structures appear to be fused and to function as a single membrane, which can be used to sweep particles of food into the cytostome, or for locomotion.Kudo, Richard R. Protozoology. 4th ed. Charles C. Thomas, 1954. p. 59. References Organelles Ciliate biology {{cell-biology-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spirotrich
The spirotrichs are a large and diverse group of ciliate protozoa. They typically have prominent oral cilia in the form of a series of polykinetids, called the adoral zone of membranelles, beginning anterior to the oral cavity and running down to the left side of the mouth. There may also be one or two paroral membranes on its right side. The body cilia are fused to form polykinetids called cirri in some, and are sparse to absent in others. Forms with cirri are common throughout soil, freshwater, and marine environments. Individuals tend to be flattened, with cirri confined to the ventral surface. These are variously used for crawling over objects, acting as feet, swimming, or assisting in food capture. They are generally divided into hypotrichs and stichotrichs, but were originally all considered hypotrichs. Forms with sparse or absent body cilia tend to be smaller and are mostly marine, but a few are common in freshwater. Again, they are generally divided into oligotrich ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Otto Bütschli
Johann Adam Otto Bütschli (3 May 1848 – 2 February 1920) was a German zoologist and professor at the University of Heidelberg. He specialized in invertebrates and insect development. Many of the groups of protists were first recognized by him. Life Bütschli was born Frankfurt am Main. He studied mineralogy, chemistry, and paleontology in Karlsruhe and became assistant of Karl Alfred von Zittel (geology and paleontology). He moved to Heidelberg in 1866 and worked with Robert Bunsen (chemistry). He received his PhD from the University of Heidelberg in 1868, after passing examinations in geology, paleontology, and zoology. He joined Rudolf Leuckart at the University of Leipzig in 1869. After leaving his studies to serve as an officer in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), Bütschli worked in his private laboratory and then for two years (1873–1874) with Karl Möbius at the University of Kiel. After that, he worked privately. In 1876, he made Habilitation. He became prof ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paramecium
'' ''Paramecium'' ( , ; also spelled ''Paramoecium'') is a genus of eukaryotic, unicellular ciliates, commonly studied as a representative of the ciliate group. ''Paramecia'' are widespread in freshwater, brackish, and marine environments and are often very abundant in stagnant basins and ponds. Because some species are readily cultivated and easily induced to conjugate and divide, it has been widely used in classrooms and laboratories to study biological processes. Its usefulness as a model organism has caused one ciliate researcher to characterize it as the " white rat" of the phylum Ciliophora. Historical background ''Paramecia'' were among the first ciliates to be seen by microscopists, in the late 17th century. They were probably known to the Dutch pioneer of protozoology, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, and were clearly described by his contemporary Christiaan Huygens in a letter of 1678. The earliest known illustration of a Paramecium was published anonymously in Philosophi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glaucoma (ciliate)
''Glaucoma'' is a genus of freshwater ciliates in the Oligohymenophorea. Cells in this genus are between 30–150 µm long, and have three membranelles (structures formed from multiple modified cilia) that surround the oral cavity. Two of the membranelles are used to sweep water towards the mouth, while the third acts like a sieve to strain out food particles for ingestion. In contrast, many other filter-feeding Filter feeders are a sub-group of suspension feeding animals that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over a specialized filtering structure. Some animals that use this method of feedin ... oligohymenophoreans use the paroral membrane, also known as an undulating membrane, for this purpose, but the paroral is not well-developed in ''Glaucoma''. References Oligohymenophorea Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg {{Ciliate-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colpoda
Colpoda is a genus of ciliates in the class Colpodea, order Colpodida, and family Colpodidae. Description ''Colpoda'' are distinctly reniform (kidney-shaped) and are strongly convex on one side, concave on the other. The concave side often looks like a bite was taken out of it. Although they are not as well known as the paramecium, they are often the first protozoa to appear in hay infusions, especially when the sample does not come from an existing mature source of standing water. Habitat ''Colpoda'' are often found in moist soil and because of their ability to readily enter protective cysts will quite frequently be found in desiccated samples of soil and vegetation as well as in temporary natural pools such as tree holes. They have also been found in the intestines of various animals, and can be cultured from their droppings. ''Colpoda cucullus'' has been found inhabiting the surface of plants and seems to dominate the microfauna there. Several species of ''Colpoda'' h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lacrymaria (ciliate)
''Lacrymaria'' is a genus of ciliates. Its best known species is the "Tear of Swan", ''Lacrymaria olor''.Lacrymaria entry at BioLib.cz] Species The genus includes the following species: * ''Lacrymaria aciformis'' Kahl, 1933 * ''Lacrymaria acuta'' Kahl, 1933 * ''Lacrymaria aquae dulcis'' (Roux, 1901) Lauterborn, 1915 see ''Lacrymaria pupula'' * ''Lacrymaria balechi'' Dragesco * ''Lacrymaria caspia'' Grimm, 1876 see ''Lacrymaria coronata'', Claparede and Lachmann, 1858 * ''Lacrymaria caudata'' Kahl, 1932/1933; var. ''lemani'' Dragesco, 1960 * ''Lacrymaria cohni'' Kent, 1881 * ''Lacrymaria conifera'' Burkovsky, 1970 * ''Lacrymaria coniformis '' Burger, 1908 * ''Lacrymaria coronata ''[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Order (biology)
Order ( la, wikt:ordo#Latin, ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between Family_(biology), family and Class_(biology), class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognized by the nomenclature codes. An immediately higher rank, superorder, is sometimes added directly above order, with suborder directly beneath order. An order can also be defined as a group of related families. What does and does not belong to each order is determined by a taxonomist, as is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognized only rarely. The name of an order is usually written with a capital letter. Fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nassula
''Nassula'' is a genus of unicellular ciliates, belonging to the class Nassophorea. Like other members of the class, ''Nassula'' possesses a basket-like feeding apparatus (''nasse'', or ''cyrtos'') made up of cytopharyngeal rods (''nematodesmata''), which are themselves composed of closely packed microtubules. ''Nassula'' use this structure to ingest filamentous cyanobacteria, drawing individual strands of blue-green algae through the cytopharynx and into the body of the cell, where they are digested. As the algae are broken down, they can take on a variety of bright colours, which give ''Nassula'' a distinctive, variegated appearance under the microscope. Description The body is ovoid to elongate, and uniformly ciliated, with a single macronucleus and a partial hypostomial frange (''synhymenium'') running from the left side of the cell to the oral aperture. When food is scarce, members of the genus have the ability to become dormant by forming a microbial cyst. Excystment c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coleps
''Coleps'' is a genus of ciliates in the class Prostomatea with barrel-shaped bodies surrounded by regularly arranged plates composed of calcium carbonate. Description Species of ''Coleps'' can grow up to 250 µm in length, but are usually under 100 µm in their longest axis. ''Coleps'' can be taxonomically distinguished by the ornamentation of the ectoplasmic plates which make up their test. These plates are located outside alveolar vesicles of the cell cortex, and contain both organic and inorganic components, the latter of which is mostly amorphous calcium carbonate. Predatory behavior ''Coleps'' feeds on bacteria, algae, flagellate A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella. The word ''flagellate'' also describes a particular construction (or level of organization) characteristic of many prokaryotes and eukaryotes and their ...s, living and dead ciliates, animal and plant tissues. ''Coleps'' uses toxicysts ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
