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Hitpun
In Mandaean cosmology, Hiṭpun (Hiṭfun) or Hiṭpon (Hiṭfon) ( myz, ࡄࡉࡈࡐࡅࡍ) is a great dividing river separating the World of Darkness from the World of Light. It is mentioned in Hymn 25 of the third book of the ''Left Ginza''. The river of Hiṭfon is analogous to the river Styx in Greek mythology and Hubur in Mesopotamian mythology. It is also known as ''hapiqia mia'' or ''hafiqia mia'' ( myz, ࡄࡐࡉࡒࡉࡀ ࡌࡉࡀ), which means "streams/springs of water" or "outflowing water." The water is fresh, and is located in a realm that is situated between Abatur's and Yushamin's realms. In Mandaean scriptures The '' Scroll of Abatur'' has many illustrations of boats ferrying souls across this river. According to the '' 1012 Questions'', masiqta rituals are needed to guide departed souls across the river and into the World of Light. See also *'' Shahrat'' *Piriawis *Hubur in Mesopotamian mythology * Styx in Greek mythology *Gjöll in Norse mythology *Vaitarna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shahrat
In Mandaeism, ''Shahrat'' ( myz, ࡔࡀࡄࡓࡀࡕ, translit=Šahrat, lit=she kept watch) is a ship or boat mentioned in the '' Scroll of Abatur''. ''Shahrat'' ferries souls from Tibil across the river Hitpun and into the house of Abatur. According to the Mandaean priest Brikha Nasoraia (2021), it is basically a " space-ship" traveling "faster than the speed of light" through ''ayar'' (ether) to higher realms. In ''Mandaean Book of John'' 55:60–61, the ship ferrying souls to the house of Abatur is described as follows. :I (Hibil Ziwa) made a ship for the good, :a ferry of souls carrying them, :over to Abatur's house, :who gives them strength and truth from head to toe. See also *Hitpun *Solar barque in ancient Egyptian mythology *Charon, the ferryman of the underworld in Greek mythology *Nibiru (Babylonian astronomy) Nibiru (also transliterated ''Neberu'', ''Nebiru'') is a term in the Akkadian language, translating to "crossing" or "point of transition", especially of rivers, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scroll Of Abatur
The ''Diwan Abatur'' ( myz, ࡃࡉࡅࡀࡍ ࡀࡁࡀࡕࡅࡓ; "Scroll of Abatur") is a Mandaean religious text. It is a large illustrated scroll that is over 20 ft. long. A similar illustrated Mandaean scroll is the '' Diwan Nahrawata'' ("The Scroll of the Rivers"), a lavishly illustrated geographical treatise which translated into German and published by Kurt Rudolph in 1982. Contents The ''Diwan Abatur'' mentions a heavenly tree called '' Shatrin'' (''Šatrin'') where the souls of unbaptized Mandaean children are temporarily nourished for 30 days. On the 30th day, Hibil Ziwa baptizes the souls of the children, who then continue on to the World of Light. The tree has a length of 360,000 parasangs according to the ''Diwan Abatur''. Additionally, the ''Diwan Abatur'' mentions a ship called ''Shahrat'' (''Šahrat''; lit. "she kept watch") that ferries souls from Tibil across the Hitpun and into the house of Abatur. Manuscripts and translations An English translation of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World Of Darkness (Mandaeism)
In Mandaeism, the World of Darkness ( myz, ࡀࡋࡌࡀ ࡖࡄࡔࡅࡊࡀ, translit=alma ḏ-hšuka) is the underworld located below Tibil (Earth). It is ruled by its king Ur (Leviathan) and its queen Ruha, mother of the seven planets and twelve constellations. Description The great dark Ocean of Sup (or Suf) lies in the World of Darkness. The great dividing river of Hitpun, analogous to the river Styx in Greek mythology, separates the World of Darkness from the World of Light. Siniawis is one of the regions of the World of Darkness. The ''Ginza Rabba'' mention the Abaddons ( myz, ʿbdunia) as part of the World of Darkness. The '' Right Ginza'' mentions the existence of the "upper Abaddons" () as well as the "lower Abaddons" (). The World of Darkness is sometimes referred to as Sheol ( myz, šiul) in the ''Ginza Rabba'' and other Mandaean scriptures. Inhabitants Various beings inhabit the World of Darkness. See also *Sheol *Ancient Mesopotamian underworld The ancie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanzu River
The is a mythological river in Japanese Buddhist tradition similar to the Hindu concept of the Vaitarna and Greek concept of the Styx. Before reaching the afterlife, the souls of the deceased must cross the river by one of three crossing points: a bridge, a ford, or a stretch of deep, snake-infested waters. The weight of one's offenses while alive determines which path an individual must take. It is believed that a toll of six mon must be paid before a soul can cross the river, a belief reflected in Japanese funerals when the necessary fee is placed in the casket with the dead. The ''Sanzu River'' is popularly believed to be in Mount Osore, a suitably desolate and remote part of Aomori Prefecture in northern Japan. Similarly to the ''Sanzu-no-Kawa'', there is also the , a boundary by which the souls of children who died too early cross over to the realm of the Dead, with the help of '' Jizō'', a ''Kami''/''Bodhisattva'' who helps the souls of children who died too early to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Styx
In Greek mythology, Styx (; grc, Στύξ ) is a river that forms the boundary between Earth (Gaia) and the Underworld. The rivers Acheron, Cocytus, Lethe, Phlegethon, and Styx all converge at the centre of the underworld on a great marsh, which sometimes is also called the Styx. According to Herodotus, the river Styx originates near Pheneus. Styx is also known as the goddess of the river, the source of its miraculous powers. Infernal river The deities of the Greek pantheon swore all their oaths upon the river Styx because, according to Greek mythology, during the Titanomachy, Styx, the goddess of the river, sided with Zeus. After the war, Zeus declared that every oath must be sworn upon her. Zeus swore to give Semele whatever she wanted and was then obliged to follow through when he realized to his horror that her request would lead to her death. Helios similarly promised his son Phaëton whatever he desired, also resulting in the boy's death. Myths related to such early dei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hubur
Hubur () is a Sumerian term meaning "river", "watercourse" or "netherworld", written ideographically with the cuneiform signs . It is usually the "river of the netherworld". Usage and meaning A connection to Tiamat has been suggested with parallels to her description as "Ummu-Hubur". Hubur is also referred to in the Enuma Elish as "mother sea Hubur, who fashions all things". The river Euphrates has been identified with Hubur as the source of fertility in Sumer. This Babylonian "river of creation" has been linked to the Hebrew "river of paradise". Gunkel and Zimmern suggested resemblance in expressions and a possible connection between the Sumerian river and that found in later literary tradition in the Book of Ezekiel () likely influencing imagery of the "River of Water of Life" in the Apocalypse (). They also noted a connection between the "Water of Life" in the legend of Adapa and a myth translated by A.H. Sayce called "An address to the river of creation". Delitzch has sug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vaitarna River (mythological)
Vaitarna or Vaitarani (Vaitaraṇî) river, as mentioned in the Garuda Purana and various other Hindu religious texts, lies between the earth and the infernal Naraka, the realm of Yama, Hindu god of death, and is believed to purify one's sins. Furthermore, while the righteous see it filled with nectar-like water, the sinful see it filled with blood. Sinful souls are supposed to cross this river after death. According to the Garuda Purana, this river falls on the path leading to the Southern Gate of the city of Yama. It is also mentioned that only the sinful souls come via the southern gate. However, other texts like the ''Harihareshwara Mahatmya'' in the Skanda Purana mention a physical river as well, that joins in the eastern ocean; he who bathes in it is supposed to forever be free from the torment of Yama. It first appears in the ''TirthaYatra Parva'' (Pilgrimage Episode) of the Mahabharata, where it is mentioned to be rising from the Vindhyas and falling into the Bay of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gjöll
Gjöll (Old Norse: ''Gjǫll'' ) is the river that separates the living from the dead in Norse mythology. It is one of the eleven rivers traditionally associated with the Élivágar, rivers that existed in Ginnungagap at the beginning of the world. According to Snorri Sturluson's ''Gylfaginning'', Gjöll originates from the wellspring Hvergelmir in Niflheim, flowing through Ginnungagap, and thence into the worlds of existence. Gjöll is the river that flows closest to the gate of the underworld. Within the Norse mythology, the dead must cross the Gjallarbrú, the bridge over Gjöll, to reach Hel (realm), Hel. The bridge, which was guarded by Móðguðr, was crossed by Hermóðr during his quest to retrieve Baldr from the land of the dead. In ''Gylfaginning'', Gjöll is one of eleven rivers that rise from Hvergelmir. In the following chapter, these are called the Élivágar and are said to have flowed in Ginnungagap in primordial times. Gjöll has a parallel with similar mytholo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mandaean Cosmology
Mandaean cosmology is the Gnostic conception of the universe in the religion of Mandaeism. Mandaean cosmology is strongly influenced by Jewish, Babylonian, Persian, Egyptian, Greek, Manichaean and other Near Eastern religions and philosophies. Emanations The three major Emanations or "Lives" (''Hayyi'') in Mandaeism are: #The Second Life: Yushamin, the primal uthra #The Third Life: Abatur, the weigher of souls, and also the father of the '' uthri'' (plural of ''uthra'') #The Fourth Life: Ptahil, the creator of the material world The Second Life, Third Life, and Fourth Life are emanations of the First Life, Hayyi Rabbi (the Supreme God). Realms Mandaean cosmology divides the universe into three realms: #World of Light or Lightworld (''alma ḏ-nhūra'') #Tibil, or Earth #World of Darkness or underworld (''alma ḏ-hšuka'') According to Book 3 of the '' Right Ginza'', a "fruit (''pira'') within the fruit" and "ether (''ayar'') within the ether" had existed before the World of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalunga Line
The Kalunga line is a watery boundary between the world of the living and the dead in religious traditions of the Congo region. The word Kalunga is Kikongo for "threshold between worlds". The Kalunga line is often associated with bodies of water, with the Atlantic Ocean being prominent. They believed the soul after death traveled the path of the sun as it set in the west. The enslaved believed they were being taken to the land of the dead, never to return. Thus the Kalunga line became known as a line under the Atlantic Ocean where the living became the dead and the only way back to life was to recross the line. Some religions today still make reference to the Kalunga Line believing that the soul of an African-American African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans and Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from sub-Saharan Africa. The term "African American" generally denotes descendants of ensl ... travels back to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yomotsu Hirasaka
In Japanese mythology, Yomotsu Hirasaka is a slope or boundary between this world, where the living live, and the other world, where the dead live (Yomi). Overview The myth, which holds that there is a boundary place between the realms where the living and the dead live, is an idea that is shared by the Sanzu River and others, and can be found throughout the World. In Japanese mythology, Yomotsuhirasaka is thought to be an impression from the stone structure of kofun and the road leading to the stone chamber that housed the coffin. In Kojiki, it appears twice in the upper part of the book, and there is a tradition that it is located at Ifuyasaka in Izumo Province. The word "hira" is said to mean "cliff". It is also said to be related to the idea of exorcism. The goddess Izanami, who was building the country with the male god Izanagi, died after giving birth to Kagutsuchi. Grieving, Izanagi goes to the Land of Yomi to meet her. When Izanagi is reunited with Izanami and as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piriawis
In Mandaean cosmology, Piriawis ( myz, ࡐࡉࡓࡉࡀࡅࡉࡎ; sometimes also spelled Biriawiš Lidzbarski, Mark. 1920. ''Mandäische Liturgien''. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, phil.-hist. Klasse, NF 17.1. Berlin.), also known as the Yardna Rabba ( "Great Jordan"), is the sacred life-giving river (''yardna'') of the World of Light. It is the heavenly counterpart of rivers on earth (Tibil), which are considered by Mandaeans to be manifestations of the heavenly Piriawis. Shilmai and Nidbai are the two guardian uthras (celestial beings) watching over Piriawis. Qolasta prayers 13 and 17 mention Piriawis-Ziwa and Piriafil-Malaka together as uthras. Other names In Book 4 of the ''Right Ginza'', Sindiriawis is mentioned as "the great ''yardna'' of the Life" () See also *Yardna *Ganga (goddess) in Hinduism *Siniawis, its corresponding opposite in the World of Darkness *Jordan River *Yesseus Mazareus Yessedekeus, the name of the Living W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
