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History Of Spain (1700–1808)
The Kingdom of Spain () entered a new era with the death of Charles II of Spain, Charles II, the last Habsburg Spain, Spanish Habsburg monarch, who died childless in 1700. The War of the Spanish Succession was fought between proponents of a House of Bourbon, Bourbon prince, Philip V of Spain, Philip of Anjou, and the Austrian House of Habsburg, Habsburg claimant, Archduke Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles. After the wars were ended with the Peace of Utrecht, Philip V of Spain, Philip V's rule began in 1715, although he had to renounce his place in the succession of the French throne. Spain entered a period of reform. Ideas of the Age of Enlightenment entered Spain and Spanish America during the eighteenth century. The invasion of the Iberian Peninsula by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Peninsular War upended the stability of the Spanish state and Spanish Empire, empire and although France was defeated, the turmoil in Spain led to the Spanish American wars of independence of 1808 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enlightenment Era
The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was a Europe, European Intellect, intellectual and Philosophy, philosophical movement active from the late 17th to early 19th century. Chiefly valuing knowledge gained through rationalism and empiricism, the Enlightenment was concerned with a wide range of social and Politics, political ideals such as natural law, liberty, and progress, toleration and fraternity (philosophy), fraternity, constitutional government, and the formal separation of church and state. The Enlightenment was preceded by and overlapped the Scientific Revolution, which included the work of Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, Francis Bacon, Pierre Gassendi, Christiaan Huygens and Isaac Newton, among others, as well as the philosophy of Descartes, Hobbes, Spinoza, Leibniz, and John Locke. The dating of the period of the beginning of the Enlightenment can be attributed to the publication of René Descartes' ''Discourse on the Method'' in 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Occitan Language
Occitan (; ), also known by its native speakers as (; ), sometimes also referred to as Provençal, is a Romance language spoken in Southern France, Monaco, Italy's Occitan Valleys, as well as Spain's Val d'Aran in Catalonia; collectively, these regions are sometimes referred to as Occitania. It is also spoken in Calabria ( Southern Italy) in a linguistic enclave of Cosenza area (mostly Guardia Piemontese) named Gardiol, which is also considered a separate Occitanic language. Some include Catalan as a dialect of Occitan, as the linguistic distance between this language and some Occitan dialects (such as the Gascon language) is similar to the distance between different Occitan dialects. Catalan was considered a dialect of Occitan until the end of the 19th century and still today remains its closest relative. Occitan is an official language of Catalonia, Spain, where a subdialect of Gascon known as Aranese is spoken (in the Val d'Aran). Since September 2010, the Par ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spaniards
Spaniards, or Spanish people, are a Romance-speaking ethnic group native to the Iberian Peninsula, primarily associated with the modern nation-state of Spain. Genetically and ethnolinguistically, Spaniards belong to the broader Southern and Western European populations, exhibiting a high degree of continuity with other Indo-European-derived ethnic groups in the region. Spain is also home to a diverse array of national and regional identities, shaped by its complex history. These include various languages and dialects, many of which are direct descendants of Latin, the language imposed during Roman rule. Among them, Spanish (also known as Castilian) is the most widely spoken and the only official language across the entire country. Commonly spoken regional languages include, most notably, the sole surviving indigenous language of Iberia, Basque, as well as other Latin-descended Romance languages like Spanish itself, Catalan and Galician. Many populations outside Sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ferdinand VII Of Spain
Ferdinand VII (; 14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was Monarchy of Spain, King of Spain during the early 19th century. He reigned briefly in 1808 and then again from 1813 to his death in 1833. Before 1813 he was known as ''el Deseado'' (the Desired), and after, as ''el Rey Felón'' (the Criminal King). Born in Madrid at El Escorial, Ferdinand was heir apparent to the Spanish throne in his youth. Following the 1808 Tumult of Aranjuez, he ascended the throne. That year Napoleon overthrew him; he linked his monarchy to counter-revolution and reactionary policies that produced a deep rift in Spain between his forces on the right and liberals on the left. Back in power in December 1813, he re-established the absolutist monarchy and rejected the Spanish Constitution of 1812, liberal constitution of 1812. A revolt in 1820 led by Rafael del Riego forced him to restore the constitution, starting the Trienio Liberal, Liberal Triennium, a three-year period of liberal rule. In 1823 th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philip V Of Spain
Philip V (; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was List of Spanish monarchs, King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to 14 January 1724 and again from 6 September 1724 to his death in 1746. His total reign (45 years and 16 days) is the longest in the history of the Spanish monarchy, surpassing Philip IV of Spain, Philip IV. Although his ascent to the throne precipitated the War of the Spanish Succession, Philip V instigated many important reforms in Spain, most especially the centralization of power of the monarchy and the suppression of regional privileges, via the Nueva Planta decrees, and restructuring of the administration of the Spanish Empire on the Iberian Peninsula and its overseas regions. Philip was born into the House of Bourbon, French royal family (as Philippe, Duke of Anjou) during the reign of his grandfather Louis XIV. He was the second son of Louis, Grand Dauphin, and was third in line to the French throne after his father and his elder brother, Louis, Duke of Burgund ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Spanish Monarchs
This is a list of monarchs of Spain, a dominion started with the dynastic union of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. The regnal numbers follow those of the rulers of Asturias, León, and Castile. Thus, Alfonso XII is numbered in succession to Alfonso XI of Castile. Forerunners The following seven lineages were eventually united by the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella. * Kings of the Visigoths * Kings of Asturias * Kings of Navarre * Kings of León * Kings of Galicia * Kings of Aragon * Kings of Castile Although Aragon and Castile continued to be separate, they were ruled together until the Nueva Planta decrees. House of Trastámara (1479–1516) Under Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, their royal dynasties were united into a single line. Historiography of Spain generally treats this as the formation of the Kingdom of Spain, but officially speaking, the two kingdoms continued with their own separate instit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cortes Of Castile
The (; ) are the bicameral legislative chambers of Spain, consisting of the Congress of Deputies (the lower house) and the Senate (the upper house). The Congress of Deputies meets in the Palacio de las Cortes. The Senate meets in the Palacio del Senado. Both are in Madrid. The Cortes are elected through universal, free, equal, direct and secret suffrage, with the exception of some senatorial seats, which are elected indirectly by the legislatures of the autonomous communities. The are composed of 615 members: 350 Deputies and 265 Senators. The members of the serve four-year terms, and they are representatives of the Spanish people. In both chambers, the seats are divided by constituencies that correspond with the fifty provinces of Spain, plus Ceuta and Melilla. However, each island or group of islands within the Canary and Balearic archipelagos forms a different constituency in the Senate. As a parliamentary system, the Cortes confirm and dismiss the Prime Minister o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marcha Real
The (; ) is the national anthem of Spain. It is one of only four national anthems in the world – along with those of National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Inno Nazionale della Repubblica, San Marino and Anthem of the Republic of Kosovo, Kosovo – that have no official lyrics. Although many different lyrics have been made for it in the past, it has never had official lyrics as a national anthem. History One of the oldest in the world, the Spanish national anthem was first printed in a document dated 1761 and entitled (''Book of the Ordinance of Newly Played Military Fife (musical instrument), Fife and Drum Calls by The Spanish Infantry''), by Manuel de Espinosa. There, it is entitled (). According to the document, Manuel de Espinosa de los Monteros is the composer. There is a misconception that its author was Frederick II of Prussia, a great lover of music. That mistaken belief arose in 1861 when it was published as fact in the periodic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plus Ultra
(, , ) is a Latin phrase and the national motto of Spain. A reversal of the original phrase ''non plus ultra'' ("nothing further beyond"), said to have been inscribed as a warning on the Pillars of Hercules at the Strait of Gibraltar (which marked the edge of the known world in antiquity), it has metaphorical suggestions of taking risks and striving for excellence. Its original version, the personal motto of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, also Duke of Burgundy and King of Spain, was ''Plus oultre'' in French. It appears on the columns of the Spanish coat of arms, in reference to the discovery of the New World. History ''Plus oultre'', French for "further beyond", was adopted by the young Duke of Burgundy and new King of Spain Charles of Habsburg as his personal motto at the suggestion of his adviser Luigi Marliano, an Italian physician, in 1516. It was emblematic of Marliano's vision of a Christian empire spanning beyond the boundaries of the Old World, now that Char ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spanish Real
The ''real'' (English: /ɹeɪˈɑl/ Spanish: /reˈal/) (meaning: "royal", plural: ''reales'') was a unit of currency in Spanish Empire, Spain for several centuries after the mid-14th century. It underwent several changes in value relative to other units throughout its lifetime until it was replaced by the ''Spanish peseta, peseta'' in 1868. The most common denomination for the currency was the silver eight-''real'' Spanish dollar (''Real de a 8'') or peso which was used throughout Europe, America and Asia during the height of the Spanish Empire. History In Spain and Spanish America The first real was introduced by Peter of Castile, King Pedro I of Crown of Castile, Castile in the mid 14th century, with 66 minted from a ''Castilian mark'' of silver (230.0465 grams) in a fineness of (0.9306), and valued of 3 ''maravedíes''. It circulated beside various other silver coins until a 1497 ordinance eliminated all other coins and retained the real (now minted 67 to a mark of silve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fala Language
Fala ("speech", also called ''Xalimego'') is a Western Romance languages, Western Romance language commonly classified in the Galician–Portuguese, Galician–Portuguese subgroup, with some traits from Leonese language, Leonese, spoken in Spain by about 10,500 people, of whom 5,500 live in a valley of the northwestern part of Extremadura near the border with Portugal. The speakers of Fala live in the towns of Valverde del Fresno (Valverdi du Fresnu), Eljas (As Ellas) and San Martín de Trevejo (Sa Martín de Trevellu). These are within the valley of Jálama, in the comarca of Sierra de Gata (comarca), Sierra de Gata. Other names sometimes used for the language are ''Fala de Jálama'' or ''Fala de Xálima'', but neither of them is used by the speakers themselves, who call their linguistic varieties ''lagarteiru'' (in Eljas), ''manhegu'' / ''mañegu'' (in San Martín de Trevejo) and ''valverdeiru'' (in Valverde del Fresno). [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
