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Heptaminol
Heptaminol is an amino alcohol which is classified as a cardiac stimulant (positive inotropic action). It also increases coronary blood flow along with mild peripheral vasoconstriction. It is sometimes used in the treatment of low blood pressure, particularly orthostatic hypotension as it is a potent positive inotrope (improving cardiac contraction). Use in doping Heptaminol is classified by the World Anti-Doping Agency as a doping substance. In 2008, the cyclist Dmitriy Fofonov tested positive for heptaminol at the Tour de France. In June 2010, the swimmer Frédérick Bousquet tested positive. In 2013, the cyclist Sylvain Georges tested positive at the Giro d'Italia. In 2014, baseball player Joel Piniero tested positive as well as St. Louis Cardinals minor league baseball player Yeison Medina. On March 22, 2019, Cycling South Africa reported that Ricardo Broxham has been sanctioned for an anti-doping rule violation of Articles 2.1 and 2.2 of the UCI Anti-Doping Rules after an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frédérick Bousquet
Frédérick Bousquet (, born 8 April 1981 in Perpignan) is a retired freestyle and butterfly swimmer from France. He was the holder of the world record in the 50 m freestyle in a time of 20.94 in long course, set on 26 April 2009 at the final of the French Championships. Since the record was swum in a banned, performance-enhancing suit it remained in limbo whether the record stood until FINA approved it in July following a modification of his suit. He is the first swimmer to go under the 21-second mark in this distance. He previously held the record in the 50 m short course in a time of 21.10, set in 2004 at the Men's NCAA Division One Swimming and Diving Championships, for over two years. At the 2009 World Championships in Rome Bousquet competed in the 50 and 100 free, capturing a silver in the 50 and bronze in the 100. Bousquet did not qualify for the 2012 Olympics but his ex-partner Laure Manaudou and his brother-in-law Florent Manaudou did. Biography Bousquet swam at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tuaminoheptane
Tuaminoheptane (, ; brand names Heptin, Heptadrine, Tuamine; also known as tuamine and 2-aminoheptane) is a sympathomimetic agent and vasoconstrictor which was formerly used as a nasal decongestant. It has also been used as a stimulant. Tuaminoheptane has been found to act as a reuptake inhibitor and releasing agent of norepinephrine, which may underlie its decongestant and stimulant effects. It is an alkylamine. The chemical structure of the drug differs from that of other norepinephrine releasing agents, such as the phenethylamines, which, in contrast to tuaminoheptane, have an aromatic ring in their structure. Tuaminoheptane is also a skin irritant and can cause contact dermatitis via inhibition of volume-regulated anion channels, which limits its usefulness as a decongestant. Tuaminoheptane is on the 2011 list of prohibited substances published by the World Anti-Doping Agency. See also * 1,3-Dimethylbutylamine * Heptaminol * Isometheptene * Methylhexanamine Methylhexa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dmitriy Fofonov
Dmitry Fofonov ( kk, Дмитрий Фофонов; born 15 August 1976 in Almaty) is a former Kazakh professional road bicycle racer who was fired from UCI ProTeam Crédit Agricole for doping. Fofonov tested positive for heptaminol after the 18th stage of the 2008 Tour de France. Fofonov had completed the race in 19th place, and was fired by Crédit Agricole after the test. After his doping ban ended, Fofonov joined the team for the 2010 season. He retired after the 2012 season and became an assistant sporting director for Astana. Major results ;1998 : Sprint Champion : 1st, Touf of China : 1st, Stage 15, Commonwealth Bank Classic ;2000 : Sprint Champion : 1st, Zellik–Galmaarden ;2001 : 57th, Vuelta a España ;2002 : 14th, Volta a Catalunya :: Winner Stage 7 ;2004 : 4th, Züri-Metzgete : 87th, Tour de France ;2005 : 4th, National Road Race Championship : 89th, Giro d'Italia ;2006 : 20th, Paris–Nice : 32nd, Vuelta a España ;2007 : 16th, Critérium du Dauphiné Libé ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intravenous Therapy
Intravenous therapy (abbreviated as IV therapy) is a medical technique that administers fluids, medications and nutrients directly into a person's vein. The intravenous route of administration is commonly used for rehydration or to provide nutrients for those who cannot, or will not—due to reduced mental states or otherwise—consume food or water by mouth. It may also be used to administer medications or other medical therapy such as blood products or electrolytes to correct electrolyte imbalances. Attempts at providing intravenous therapy have been recorded as early as the 1400s, but the practice did not become widespread until the 1900s after the development of techniques for safe, effective use. The intravenous route is the fastest way to deliver medications and fluid replacement throughout the body as they are introduced directly into the circulatory system and thus quickly distributed. For this reason, the intravenous route of administration is also used for the consump ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vasodilators
Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels. It results from relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls, in particular in the large veins, large arteries, and smaller arterioles. The process is the opposite of vasoconstriction, which is the narrowing of blood vessels. When blood vessels dilate, the flow of blood is increased due to a decrease in vascular resistance and increase in cardiac output. Therefore, dilation of arterial blood vessels (mainly the arterioles) decreases blood pressure. The response may be intrinsic (due to local processes in the surrounding tissue) or extrinsic (due to hormones or the nervous system). In addition, the response may be localized to a specific organ (depending on the metabolic needs of a particular tissue, as during strenuous exercise), or it may be systemic (seen throughout the entire systemic circulation). Endogenous substances and drugs that cause vasodilation are termed vasodilators. Such vasoactivity is necessary for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methylhexanamine
Methylhexanamine (also known as methylhexamine, 1,3-dimethylamylamine, 1,3-DMAA, dimethylamylamine, and DMAA; trade names Forthane and Geranamine) is an indirect sympathomimetic drug invented and developed by Eli Lilly and Company and marketed as an inhaled nasal decongestant from 1948 until it was voluntarily withdrawn from the market in the 1970s. Since 2006 methylhexanamine has been sold extensively under many names as a stimulant or energy-boosting dietary supplement under the claim that it is similar to certain compounds found in geraniums, but its safety has been questioned as a number of adverse events and at least five deaths have been associated with methylhexanamine-containing supplements. It is banned by many sports authorities and governmental agencies. Despite multiple warning letters from the FDA, as of 2019, the stimulant remains available in sports and weight loss supplements. History In April 1944, Eli Lilly and Company introduced methylhexanamine under the bra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isometheptene
Isometheptene (usually as isometheptene mucate) is a sympathomimetic amine sometimes used in the treatment of migraines and tension headaches due to its vasoconstricting properties; that is, it causes constriction (narrowing) of blood vessels (arteries and veins). Along with paracetamol and dichloralphenazone, it is one of the constituents of Amidrine. Chemistry Isometheptene is a monounsaturated aliphatic secondary amine. Mechanism of action Isometheptene's vasoconstricting properties arise through activation of the sympathetic nervous system via epinephrine and norepinephrine. These compounds elicit smooth muscle activation leading to vasoconstriction by interacting with cell surface adrenergic receptors. See also * Heptaminol * Methylhexanamine * Tuaminoheptane Tuaminoheptane (, ; brand names Heptin, Heptadrine, Tuamine; also known as tuamine and 2-aminoheptane) is a sympathomimetic agent and vasoconstrictor which was formerly used as a nasal decongestant. It has ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minor League
Minor leagues are professional sports leagues which are not regarded as the premier leagues in those sports. Minor league teams tend to play in smaller, less elaborate venues, often competing in smaller cities/markets. This term is used in North America with regard to several organizations competing in various sports. They generally have lesser fan bases, much smaller revenues and salaries, and are used to develop players for bigger leagues. The minor league concept is a manifestation of the franchise system used in North American sports, whereby the group of major league teams in each sport is fixed for long periods between expansions or other adjustments, which only take place with the consent of the major league owners. In Europe, and many other parts of the world, association football(Soccer), basketball, american football, baseball, handball,hockey etc leagues have many divisions below the ''top-flight level'' as part of the football pyramid. In other parts of the worl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joel Piniero , a community in the United States
{{disambiguation, hn, geo ...
Joel or Yoel is a name meaning "Yahweh Is God" and may refer to: * Joel (given name), origin of the name including a list of people with the first name. * Joel (surname), a surname * Joel (footballer, born 1904), Joel de Oliveira Monteiro, Brazilian football goalkeeper * Joel (footballer, born 1980), Joel Bertoti Padilha, Brazilian football centre-back * Joel (prophet), a prophet of ancient Israel ** Book of Joel, a book in the Jewish Tanakh, and in the Christian Bible, ascribed to the prophet * Joel, Georgia, a community in the United States * Joel, Wisconsin The Town of Clayton is located in Polk County, Wisconsin, Polk County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 571 at the 2000 census. The Clayton (village), Wisconsin, Village of Clayton and the unincorporated communities of Joel and Richard ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sylvain Georges
Sylvain Georges (born 1 May 1984) is a professional French racing cyclist who last rode for . He was born in Beaumont, Puy-de-Dôme, France. On 18 May 2012, Georges won his first pro tour stage on the 6th stage of the Tour of California, where he broke away with six other riders at the start of a mountain stage leading to Big Bear Lake and rode solo for the last 50 kilometers to take the win as the peloton was in sight. In May 2013 Georges withdrew from the Giro D'Italia after testing positive for Heptaminol. He was later sacked by his team. Palmarès ;2005 :7th Chrono Champenois ;2006 : 3rd Time trial, French Under–23 Road Championships :4th Chrono Champenois ;2007 :2nd Overall Tour du Loir-et-Cher ;2008 :7th Grand Prix de la Ville de Lillers ;2009 :1st Prologue 45ème Circuit De Saône Et Loire : 3rd Overall Grand Prix Chantal Biya ;2010 :8th Overall Rhône-Alpes Isère Tour ;2011 : 1st Overall Rhône-Alpes Isère Tour :: 1st Stages 1 & 3 : 1st GP Plumelec-Morbihan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tour De France
The Tour de France () is an annual men's multiple-stage bicycle race primarily held in France, while also occasionally passing through nearby countries. Like the other Grand Tours (the Giro d'Italia and the Vuelta a España), it consists of 21 stages, each a day long, over the course of 23 days, coinciding with the Bastille Day holiday. It is the oldest of the Grand Tours and generally considered the most prestigious. The race was first organized in 1903 to increase sales for the newspaper '' L'Auto'' and is currently run by the Amaury Sport Organisation. The race has been held annually since its first edition in 1903 except when it was stopped for the two World Wars. As the Tour gained prominence and popularity, the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend around the globe. Participation expanded from a primarily French field as more riders from all over the world began to participate in the race each year. The Tour is a UCI World Tour event, which means that th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
