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Helmuth Brückner
Helmuth Brückner (7 May 1896 – 12 January 1951?) was ''Gauleiter'' of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) in Silesia from 1925 until 1934, when he fell out of political favor. Life Helmuth Brückner was born on 7 May 1896 in Peilau (Prussia). He attended ''Volkschule'' in Peilau, ''Höhere Knabenschule'' in Langenbielau, and ''Kgl. Realgymnasium'' in Reichenbach. He then studied at Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Breslau (today, the University of Wrocław). In 1914, Brückner volunteered for the Army and was posted with the ''Feld-Artillerie-Regiment 88'' where he won the Iron Cross 2nd and 1st Class as ''Leutnant der Reserve'' and ''Abteilung-Adjutant''. On 25 March 1918 he was seriously wounded while in France. In 1921 he was ''Ib–Gruppe Nord'' with the ''Deutschen Selbstschutz'' (Freikorps) in Oberschlesien. He participated in the failed “Beer Hall Putsch” on 9 November 1923, was briefly detained, tried and released on probation. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gauleiter
A ''Gauleiter'' () was a regional leader of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) who served as the head of a ''Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany, Gau'' or ''Reichsgau''. ''Gauleiter'' was the third-highest Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party, rank in the Nazi political leadership, subordinate only to ''Reichsleiter'' and to the ''Führer'' himself. The position was effectively abolished with the fall of the Nazi regime on 8 May 1945. History and development Origin and early years The first use of the term ''Gauleiter'' by the Nazi Party was in 1925 around the time Adolf Hitler re-founded the Party on 27 February, after the lifting of the ban that had been imposed on it in the aftermath of the Beer Hall Putsch of 9 November 1923. The word can be singular or plural in German usage, depending on its context, and derives from the German language, German words ''Gau (territory), Gau'' and ''leiter'' (''leader''). The word ''Gau'' is an old term for a region of the German ''Reich'' (Emp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Socialist Freedom Movement
The National Socialist Freedom Movement (, NSFB) or National Socialist Freedom Party (, NSFP) was a political party in Weimar Germany created in April 1924 during the aftermath of the Beer Hall Putsch. Adolf Hitler and many Nazi leaders were jailed after the failed coup attempt and the Nazi Party was outlawed in what came to be known as the Time of Struggle. The remaining Nazis formed the NSFB as a legal means of carrying on the party and its ideology. Included in this party was the similarly reformed and renamed Frontbann, which was a legal alternative to the SA. Eugene Davidson notes that " e Far Right could not agree on much of anything for long, not even on who was the chief enemy", with NSFP Reichstag deputy Reinhold Wulle believing that the Catholics were a greater danger than the Jews. Wulle told a party gathering in January 1925 that Hitler would never again regain his former authority. Hitler himself had given up his leadership of the party during the duration of his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Röhm Putsch
The Night of the Long Knives (German language, German: ), or the Röhm purge (German: ''Röhm-Putsch''), also called Operation Hummingbird (German: ''Unternehmen Kolibri''), was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany from 30 June to 2 July 1934. Chancellor Adolf Hitler, urged on by Hermann Göring and Heinrich Himmler, ordered a series of political extrajudicial executions intended to consolidate his power and alleviate the concerns of the German military about the role of Ernst Röhm and the ''Sturmabteilung'' (SA), the Nazis' paramilitary organization, known colloquially as "Brownshirts". Nazi propaganda presented the murders as a preventive measure against an alleged imminent coup by the SA under Röhm – the so-called ''Röhm Putsch''. The primary instruments of Hitler's action, which carried out most of the killings, were the ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) paramilitary force under Himmler and its Sicherheitsdienst, Security Service (SD), and Gestapo (secret police) under Reinhar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paragraph 175
Paragraph 175 (known formally a§175 StGB also known as Section 175 in English) was a provision of the German Criminal Code from 15 May 1871 to 10 March 1994. It made homosexual acts between males a crime, and in early revisions the provision also criminalized bestiality as well as forms of prostitution and underage sexual abuse. All in all, around 140,000 men were convicted under the law. The law had always been controversial and inspired the first homosexual movement, which called for its repeal. The statute drew legal influence from previous measures, including those undertaken by the Holy Roman Empire and Prussian states. It was amended several times. The Nazis broadened the law in 1935 as part of the most severe persecution of homosexual men in history. It was one of the only Nazi-era laws retained in its original form in West Germany, although East Germany reverted to the pre-Nazi version. In West Germany, the law was revised in 1969, 1973, and finally repealed in 1994 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sturmabteilung
The (; SA; literally "Storm Detachment") was the original paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party. It played a significant role in Adolf Hitler's rise to power in the 1920s and 1930s. Its primary purposes were providing protection for Nazi rallies and assemblies, disrupting the meetings of opposing parties, fighting against the paramilitary units of the opposing parties, especially the ''Roter Frontkämpferbund'' of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and the '' Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold'' of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), and intimidating Romani, trade unionists, and especially Jews. The SA were colloquially called Brownshirts () because of the colour of their uniform's shirts, similar to Benito Mussolini's blackshirts. The official uniform of the SA was the brown shirt with a brown tie. The color came about because a large shipment of Lettow- shirts, originally intended for the German colonial troops in Germany's former East Africa colony, was purcha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gruppenführer
__NOTOC__ ''Gruppenführer'' (, ) was an early paramilitary rank of the Nazi Party (NSDAP), first created in 1925 as a senior rank of the SA. Since then, the term ''Gruppenführer'' is also used for leaders of groups/teams of the police, fire departments, military and several other organizations. History In 1930, ''Gruppenführer'' became an SS rank and was originally bestowed upon those officers who commanded '' SS-Gruppen'' and also upon senior officers of the SS command staff. In 1932, the SS was reorganized and the ''SS-Gruppen'' were reformed into '' SS-Abschnitte''. A ''Gruppenführer'' commanded an ''SS-Abschnitt'' while a new rank, that of ''Obergruppenführer'', oversaw the '' SS-Oberabschnitte'' which were the largest SS units in Germany. Initially in the SA, NSKK, and SS, the rank of ''Gruppenführer'' was considered equivalent to a full general, but became regarded as equivalent to ''Generalleutnant'' after 1934. During the Second World War, when the Waffen-SS b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prussian State Council
The Prussian State Council (german: Preußischer Staatsrat) was the upper chamber of the bicameral legislature of the Free State of Prussia between 1920 and 1933. The lower chamber was the Prussian Landtag (''Preußischer Landtag''). Implementation With the adoption of the Prussian Constitution on 30 November 1920, the State Council was established according to Article 31, as an organ of the provinces: Berlin, Brandenburg, East Prussia, Hanover, Hesse-Nassau, Hohenzollern, Lower Silesia, Pomerania, Posen-West Prussia, Rhine Province, Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Upper Silesia, and Westphalia. The Prussian free state was a federal state of the Weimar Republic, and was thus itself represented in the Reichsrat. Though Prussia was a unitary state, the provinces were able to participate in the legislative process. The Prussian state government (''Staatsministerium'') was obliged to inform the State Council about state business. The assembly could demand consultation and had the rig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inspekteur (NSDAP)
''Inspekteur'' (inspector) was a Nazi political rank that existed briefly in 1932 in a reorganization promulgated by Gregor Strasser, the ''Reichsorganisationsleiter'' (Reich Organizational Leader) of the Nazi Party since January 1928. History Strasser largely had been given free rein to organize and structure the Party by Adolf Hitler who was not interested in administrative detail and mundane day-to-day organizational concerns. Strasser sought to consolidate and centralize the organizational structure by imposing an additional layer of supervision on the then existing 44 ''Gauleiters'' in Germany and Austria. Strasser sought to improve organizational control of the Party throughout the country ahead of the upcoming 31 July 1932 election to the German Reichstag (Weimar Republic), Reichstag. The overall objective was to give the Party the kind of organisational structure that would allow it to contest the election in a more effective and disciplined manner. On 15 July 1932, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Landtag Of Prussia
The Landtag of Prussia (german: Preußischer Landtag) was the representative assembly of the Kingdom of Prussia implemented in 1849, a bicameral legislature consisting of the upper House of Lords (''Herrenhaus'') and the lower House of Representatives (''Abgeordnetenhaus''). After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–19 the ''Landtag'' diet continued as the parliament of the Free State of Prussia between 1921 and 1934, when it was abolished by the Nazi regime. History Kingdom of Prussia In the course of the 1848 Revolution, King Frederick William IV of Prussia and his Minister Gottfried Ludolf Camphausen had agreed to call for the general election of a national assembly in all Prussian provinces. The Prussian National Assembly however was dismissed by royal decree of 5 December 1848 and the king imposed the Constitution of Prussia. The constitution, though reactionary, at least provided a bicameral parliament, consisting of a First Chamber (''Erste Kammer'', called ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
The Reichstag of the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) was the lower house of Germany's parliament; the upper house was the Reichsrat, which represented the states. The Reichstag convened for the first time on 24 June 1920, taking over from the Weimar National Assembly, which had served as an interim parliament following the collapse of the German Empire in November 1918. Under the Weimar Constitution of 1919, the Reichstag was elected every four years by universal, equal, secret and direct suffrage, using a system of party-list proportional representation. All citizens who had reached the age of 20 were allowed to vote, including women for the first time, but excluding soldiers on active duty. The Reichstag voted on the laws of the Reich and was responsible for the budget, questions of war and peace, and confirmation of state treaties. Oversight of the Reich government (the ministers responsible for executing the laws) also resided with the Reichstag. It could force individual mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bamberg Conference
The Bamberg Conference (german: Bamberger Führertagung) included some sixty members of the leadership of the Nazi Party, and was specially convened by Adolf Hitler in Bamberg, in Upper Franconia, Germany on Sunday 14 February 1926 during the "wilderness years" of the party. Hitler's purposes in convening the ''ad hoc'' conference embraced at least the following: :*to curtail dissent within the party that had arisen among members of its northern branches and to foster party unity based upon --and ''only'' upon--the "leadership principle" (''Führerprinzip'') :*to establish without controversy his position as the sole, absolute and unquestioned ultimate authority within the party, whose decisions are final and appeal, non-appealable :*to eliminate any notion that the party was in any way a democracy, democratic or consensus-based institution :*to eradicate bickering between the Strasserism, northern and wiktionary:Hitlerism, southern Political faction, factions of the party over ideo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Socialist Program
The National Socialist Program, also known as the 25-point Program or the 25-point Plan (), was the party program of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP, and referred to in English as the Nazi Party). Adolf Hitler announced the party's program on 24 February 1920 before approximately 2,000 people in the Munich Festival of the Hofbräuhaus and within the program was written “The leaders of the Party swear to go straight forward, if necessary to sacrifice their lives in securing fulfillment of the foregoing points” and declared the program unalterable. The National Socialist Program originated at a DAP congress in Vienna, then was taken to Munich, by the civil engineer and theoretician Rudolf Jung, who having explicitly supported Hitler had been expelled from Czechoslovakia because of his political agitation. Historian Karl Dietrich Bracher summarizes the program by saying that its components were "hardly new" and that "German, Austrian, and Bohemian proponents of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
