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Halspiviridae
''Halspiviridae'' is a family of viruses that consists of a single genus, ''Salterprovirus'', which consists of a single recognised species; Halovirus His1 (His1, ''Salterprovirus australiense''). This virus was isolated from hypersaline water in Australia and was able to be cultured on the halophilic archaeon '' Haloarcula hispanica''. Like many other archaeoviruses, His1 has an approximately limoniform (lemon-shaped) virion. Etymology The family name, ''Halspiviridae'', is derived from halophilic and spindle-shaped, in reference to the habitat and virion morphology, respectively. The genus name, ''Salterprovirus'', is derived from salty terminal protein virus, as the linear dsDNA genome has proteins attached to the 5′ termini. Taxonomy The virion has a spindle-shaped morphology and is similar in shape to that of viruses infecting thermophilic archaea, the '' Fuselloviridae'', and His1 was originally described as a probable member of that group. However, it was later ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Double-stranded DNA Viruses
A DNA virus is a virus that has a genome made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that is replicated by a DNA polymerase. They can be divided between those that have two strands of DNA in their genome, called double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses, and those that have one strand of DNA in their genome, called single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses. dsDNA viruses primarily belong to two Realm (virology), realms: ''Duplodnaviria'' and ''Varidnaviria'', and ssDNA viruses are almost exclusively assigned to the realm ''Monodnaviria'', which also includes some dsDNA viruses. Additionally, many DNA viruses are unassigned to higher taxa. Reverse transcribing viruses, which have a DNA genome that is replicated through an RNA intermediate by a reverse transcriptase, are classified into the kingdom ''Pararnavirae'' in the realm ''Riboviria''. DNA viruses are ubiquitous worldwide, especially in marine environments where they form an important part of marine ecosystems, and infect both prokaryotes and eu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Virion
A virion (plural, ''viria'' or ''virions'') is an inert virus particle capable of invading a Cell (biology), cell. Upon entering the cell, the virion disassembles and the genetic material from the virus takes control of the cell infrastructure, thus enabling the virus to Replication (virus), replicate. The genetic material (''Viral core, core'', either DNA or RNA, along with occasionally present virus core protein) inside the virion is usually enclosed in a protection shell, known as the capsid. While the terms "virus" and "virion" are occasionally confused, recently "virion" is used solely to describe the virus structure outside of cells, while the terms "virus/viral" are broader and also include biological properties such as the infectivity of a virion. Components A virion consists of one or more nucleic acid genome molecules (single-stranded or double-stranded RNA or DNA) and coatings (a capsid and possibly a viral envelope). The virion may contain other proteins (for examp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sample as the beam is transmitted through the specimen. The image is then magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, a layer of photographic film, or a detector such as a scintillator attached to a charge-coupled device or a direct electron detector. Transmission electron microscopes are capable of imaging at a significantly higher resolution than light microscopes, owing to the smaller de Broglie wavelength of electrons. This enables the instrument to capture fine detail—even as small as a single column of atoms, which is thousands of times smaller than a resolvable object seen in a light microscope. Transmission electron micr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Uranyl Acetate
Uranyl acetate is the acetate salt of uranium oxide, a toxic yellow-green powder useful in certain laboratory tests. Structurally, it is a coordination polymer with formula UO2(CH3CO2)2(H2O)·H2O. Structure left, 260px, Structure (from X-ray crystallography) of uranyl acetate dihydrate. Color code: red = O, gray = C, blue = U. In the polymer, uranyl (UO22+) centers are bridged by acetate ligands. The remainder of each (heptacoordinate) coordination sphere is provided by an aquo ligand and a bidentate acetate ligand. One water of crystallization occupies the lattice. Uranyl carboxylates are known for diverse carboxylic acids (formate, butyrate, acrylate). Uses Uranyl acetate is extensively used as a negative stain in electron microscopy."Negative Staining" University of Oxford [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Avalon, Victoria
Avalon (post code: 3212) is a locality situated north east of Geelong, Victoria. Its local government area is the City of Greater Geelong and its Ward is Windermere. It is located on the northern shore of Corio Bay to the southwest of the state's capital city of Melbourne. Economy Avalon is notable for Avalon Airport, which is the site of the biennial Australian International Airshow, the largest of its kind in the southern hemisphere. Although located on the outskirts of Geelong, the airport effectively operates as a second airport for the much larger city of Melbourne. In 2005, businessman Lindsay Fox launched plans to attract Australia's first Disneyland theme park to the area. When established in 2004, Jetstar had its headquarters on the grounds of Avalon Airport in Avalon, but has since relocated to the Melbourne central business district. Major industry in the area includes a factory producing concrete railway sleepers, and the Cheetham Saltworks. History Avalon Stat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Archaea
Archaea ( ) is a Domain (biology), domain of organisms. Traditionally, Archaea only included its Prokaryote, prokaryotic members, but this has since been found to be paraphyletic, as eukaryotes are known to have evolved from archaea. Even though the domain Archaea Cladistics, cladistically includes eukaryotes, the term "archaea" (: archaeon , from the Greek "ἀρχαῖον", which means ancient) in English still generally refers specifically to prokaryotic members of Archaea. Archaea were initially Taxonomy (biology), classified as bacteria, receiving the name archaebacteria (, in the Archaebacteria Kingdom (biology), kingdom), but this term has fallen out of use. Archaeal cells have unique properties separating them from Bacteria and Eukaryote, Eukaryota. Archaea are further divided into multiple recognized phylum, phyla. Classification is difficult because most have not been Isolation (microbiology), isolated in a laboratory and have been detected only by their Gene, gene s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Haloarcula Hispanica
''Haloarcula'' (common abbreviation ''Har.'') is a genus of extreme halophilic Archaea in the class of Halobacteria. Cell structure ''Haloarcula'' species can be distinguished from other genera in the family Halobacteriaceae by the presence of specific derivatives of TGD-2 polar lipids. ''H. quadrata'' has predominantly flat, square-shaped, somewhat pleomorphic cells. Metabolism ''Haloarcula quadrata'' was first isolated when researchers were attempting to culture ''Haloquadratum walsbyi'', a haloarchaeon that was thought to be unculturable until 2004. Similar to other halophilic archaea, ''Haloarcula'' species grow optimally at 40–45 °C. Growth appears in sheets of up to 65 cells often in the shape of a square or triangle. Taxonomy The genus of ''Haloarcula'' was long grouped with other halophilic archaea such as ''Halobacterium'' until genomic analysis prompted to reorder this genus in the new family of Haloarculaceae. Phylogeny The currently accepted taxonomy is base ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Directionality (molecular Biology)
Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid. In a single strand of DNA or RNA, the chemical convention of naming carbon atoms in the nucleotide Pentose, pentose-sugar-ring means that there will be a 5′ end (usually pronounced "five-prime end"), which frequently contains a phosphate group attached to the 5′ carbon of the ribose ring, and a 3′ end (usually pronounced "three-prime end"), which typically is unmodified from the ribose -OH substituent. In a DNA double helix, the strands run in opposite directions to permit base pairing between them, which is essential for replication or Transcription (biology), transcription of the encoded information. Nucleic acids can only be synthesized in vivo in the 5′-to-3′ direction, as the polymerases that assemble various types of new strands generally rely on the energy produced by breaking nucleoside triphosphate bonds to attach new nucleo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Fuselloviridae
''Fuselloviridae'' is a family of viruses. Sulfolobus species, specifically shibatae, solfataricus, and islandicus, serve as natural hosts. There are two genera in the family. Viruses in ''Fuselloviridae'' are ubiquitous in high-temperature (≥70 °C), acidic (pH ≤4) hot springs around the world. Taxonomy The family contains the following genera: * '' Alphafusellovirus'' * ''Betafusellovirus ''Fuselloviridae'' is a family of viruses. Sulfolobus species, specifically shibatae, solfataricus, and islandicus, serve as natural hosts. There are two genera in the family. Viruses in ''Fuselloviridae'' are ubiquitous in high-temperature (≥ ...'' Structure Viruses in ''Fuselloviridae'' are enveloped, with lemon-shaped geometries. The diameter is around 60 nm, with a length of 100 nm. Genomes consist of double-stranded circular DNA, around 17.3 kb in length. Biochemical characterization of SSV1, a prototypical fusellovirus, showed that virions are composed of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Namib
The Namib ( ; ) is a coastal desert in Southern Africa. According to the broadest definition, the Namib stretches for more than along the Atlantic coasts of Angola, Namibia, and northwest South Africa, extending southward from the Carunjamba River in Angola, through Namibia and to the Olifants River (Western Cape), Olifants River in Western Cape, South Africa. The Namib's northernmost portion, which extends from the Angola-Namibia border, is known as Moçâmedes Desert, while its southern portion approaches the neighboring Kalahari Desert. From the Atlantic coast eastward, the Namib gradually ascends in elevation, reaching up to inland to the foot of the Great Escarpment, Southern Africa, Great Escarpment. Annual precipitation ranges from in the aridest regions to at the escarpment, making the Namib the only true desert in southern Africa. Having endured Desert climate, arid or Semi-arid climate, semi-arid conditions for roughly 55–80 million years, the Namib may be the old ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Pleolipoviridae
''Pleolipoviridae'' is a family of DNA viruses that infect archaea Archaea ( ) is a Domain (biology), domain of organisms. Traditionally, Archaea only included its Prokaryote, prokaryotic members, but this has since been found to be paraphyletic, as eukaryotes are known to have evolved from archaea. Even thou .... Taxonomy The following genera are recognized: *'' Alphapleolipovirus'' *'' Betapleolipovirus'' *'' Gammapleolipovirus'' References Monodnaviria DNA viruses {{Virus-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
