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Gülnuş Sultan
Emetullah Rabia Gülnuş Sultan (, 'spring' and 'essence of rose'; 1642 – 6 November 1715) was the '' Haseki Sultan'' of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV and '' Valide Sultan'' to their sons Mustafa II and Ahmed III. She was the prominent figure during the era of the Sultanate of Women which spanned for nearly 200 years and ended with her death in 1715. Early life Gülnuş Sultan was born in 1642 in the town of Rethymno, Crete, when the island was under Venetian rule, the daughter of a Greek Orthodox priest. A minor theory saw instead Gülnuş Sultan belonged to the Venetian Verzini family which had settled the city. She was captured by the Ottomans during the invasion of Crete in 1645. Time as consort The Ottoman army invaded the island during the Cretan War; she was captured as a very young girl when the Ottomans conquered Rethymno in 1645, taken as a slave and was sent to Constantinople. She was renamed ''Emetullah Rabia Gülnuş'' and was given a thoroughly Ottoman educ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Valide Sultan
Valide Sultan (, lit. "Sultana mother") was the title held by the mother of a ruling sultan of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans first formally used the title in the 16th century as an epithet of Hafsa Sultan (died 1534), mother of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent , Suleyman I (), superseding the previous epithets of Valide Hatun (lady mother), ''Mahd-i Ulya (other), mehd-i ulya'' ("cradle of the great"). or "the nacre of the pearl of the sultanate".Leslie Peirce, Peirce, Leslie P., ''The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire'', Oxford University Press, 1993, (paperback) Normally, the living mother of a reigning sultan held this title. Those mothers who died before their sons' accession to the throne never received the title of . In special cases sisters, grandmothers and stepmothers of a reigning sultan assumed the title and/or the functions . Term The word () literally means 'mother' in Ottoman Turkish, from Arabic . The Turkish phonology, Tu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mehmed IV
Mehmed IV (; ; 2 January 1642 – 6 January 1693), nicknamed as Mehmed the Hunter (), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1648 to 1687. He came to the throne at the age of six after his father was overthrown in a coup. Mehmed went on to become the second-longest-reigning sultan in Ottoman history after Suleiman the Magnificent. While the initial and final years of his reign were characterized by military defeat and political instability, during his middle years he oversaw the revival of the empire's fortunes associated with the Köprülü era. Mehmed IV was known by contemporaries as a particularly pious ruler, and was referred to as gazi, or "holy warrior" for his role in the many conquests carried out during his long reign. Under Mehmed IV's reign, the empire reached the height of its territorial expansion in Europe. From a young age he developed a keen interest in hunting, for which he is known as ''avcı'' (translated as "the Hunter"). In 1687, Mehmed was overthrown by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constantinople
Constantinople (#Names of Constantinople, see other names) was a historical city located on the Bosporus that served as the capital of the Roman Empire, Roman, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine, Latin Empire, Latin, and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empires between its consecration in 330 until 1930, when it was renamed to Istanbul. Initially as New Rome, Constantinople was founded in 324 during the reign of Constantine the Great on the site of the existing settlement of Byzantium, and shortly thereafter in 330 became the capital of the Roman Empire. Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the late 5th century, Constantinople remained the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire (also known as the Byzantine Empire; 330–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). Following the Turkish War of Independence, the Turkish capital then moved to Ankara. Although the city had been known as Istanbul since 1453, it was officially renamed as Is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cretan War (1645–1669)
The Cretan War (; ), also known as the War of Candia () or the fifth Ottoman–Venetian war, was a conflict between the Republic of Venice and her allies (chief among them the Knights of Malta, the Papal States and France) against the Ottoman Empire and the Barbary States largely fought over the island of Crete, Venice's largest and richest overseas possession. The war lasted from 1645 to 1669 and was fought in Crete, especially in the city of Candia, and in numerous naval engagements and raids around the Aegean Sea, with Dalmatia providing a secondary theater of operations. Although most of Crete was conquered by the Ottomans in the first few years of the war, the fortress of Candia (modern Heraklion), the capital of Crete, resisted successfully. Its prolonged siege, " Troy's rival" as Lord Byron called it, forced both sides to focus their attention on the supply of their respective forces on the island. For the Venetians in particular, their only hope for victory over the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sultanate Of Women
The Sultanate of Women () was a period when some consorts, mothers, sisters and grandmother of the sultans of the Ottoman Empire exerted extraordinary political influence. This phenomenon took place from roughly 1534 to 1715, beginning in the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent with the rise of Hürrem Sultan and ending with the death of Gülnuş Sultan. These women were either the consorts – either wives or concubines – of the Sultan, referred to as haseki sultans, or the mothers of the Sultan, known as valide sultans. All of them were of slave origin, as was expected during the sultanate, since the traditional idea of marriage was considered inappropriate for the sultan, who was not expected to have any personal allegiances beyond his governmental role, but at least four of them managed to become the legal wedded wife of the Sultan: Hürrem Sultan with Suleiman, Nurbanu Sultan with Selim II Safiye Sultan with Murad III and Kösem Sultan with Ahmed I. During thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Valide Sultan
Valide Sultan (, lit. "Sultana mother") was the title held by the mother of a ruling sultan of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans first formally used the title in the 16th century as an epithet of Hafsa Sultan (died 1534), mother of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent , Suleyman I (), superseding the previous epithets of Valide Hatun (lady mother), ''Mahd-i Ulya (other), mehd-i ulya'' ("cradle of the great"). or "the nacre of the pearl of the sultanate".Leslie Peirce, Peirce, Leslie P., ''The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire'', Oxford University Press, 1993, (paperback) Normally, the living mother of a reigning sultan held this title. Those mothers who died before their sons' accession to the throne never received the title of . In special cases sisters, grandmothers and stepmothers of a reigning sultan assumed the title and/or the functions . Term The word () literally means 'mother' in Ottoman Turkish, from Arabic . The Turkish phonology, Tu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haseki Sultan
Haseki Sultan (, ''Ḫāṣekī Sulṭān'' ) was the title used for the chief consort of an Ottoman sultan. In later years, the meaning of the title changed to "imperial consort". Hurrem Sultan, principal consort and legal wife of Suleiman the Magnificent, was the first holder of this title. The title lost its exclusivity under Ibrahim I, who bestowed it upon eight women simultaneously. The title haseki sultan was used until the 17th century. After that, '' kadınefendi'' became the highest ranking title for imperial consorts, although this title was not as prestigious as haseki sultan. Term The word ''haseki'' (خاصکي-خاصگی) comes from the Arabic word ''Khassa'' (خاصه) which is suffixed with the Persian ''gi'' (گی) and means "to attribute something exclusively to". ''Haseki'' is, therefore, one who belongs exclusively to the sultan. Sultan (سلطان) is an Arabic word, that indicates "authority" or "dominion". starting from the 16th century, this title was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Greek Orthodox
Greek Orthodox Church (, , ) is a term that can refer to any one of three classes of Christian Churches, each associated in some way with Greek Christianity, Levantine Arabic-speaking Christians or more broadly the rite used in the Eastern Roman Empire. * The broader meaning refers to "the entire body of Orthodox (Chalcedonian) Christianity, sometimes also called 'Eastern Orthodox', 'Greek Catholic', or generally 'the Greek Church. * A second, narrower meaning refers to "any of several independent churches within the worldwide communion of (Eastern) Orthodox Christianity that retain the use of the Greek language in formal ecclesiastical settings". In this sense, the Greek Orthodox Churches are the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and its dependencies, the Patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, the Church of Greece and the Church of Cyprus. * The third meaning refers to the Church of Greece, an Eastern Orthodox Church operating within the modern bor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sunni Islam
Sunni Islam is the largest Islamic schools and branches, branch of Islam and the largest religious denomination in the world. It holds that Muhammad did not appoint any Succession to Muhammad, successor and that his closest companion Abu Bakr () rightfully succeeded him as the caliph of the Muslim community, being appointed at the meeting of Saqifa. This contrasts with the Succession of ʿAlī (Shia Islam), Shia view, which holds that Muhammad appointed Ali, Ali ibn Abi Talib () as his successor. Nevertheless, Sunnis revere Ali, along with Abu Bakr, Umar () and Uthman () as 'Rashidun, rightly-guided caliphs'. The term means those who observe the , the practices of Muhammad. The Quran, together with hadith (especially the Six Books) and (scholarly consensus), form the basis of all Fiqh, traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. Sharia legal rulings are derived from these basic sources, in conjunction with Istislah, consideration of Maslaha, public welfare and Istihsan, jur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Dynasty
The Ottoman dynasty () consisted of the members of the imperial House of Osman (), also known as the Ottomans (). According to Ottoman tradition, the family originated from the Kayı tribe branch of the Oghuz Turks, under the leadership of Osman I in northwestern Anatolia in the district of Bilecik, Söğüt. The Ottoman dynasty, named after Osman I, ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922. During much of the Empire's history, the sultan was the absolute regent, head of state, and head of government, though much of the power often shifted to other officials such as the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, Grand Vizier. During the First Constitutional Era, First (1876–78) and Second Constitutional Eras (1908–20) of the late Empire, a shift to a constitutional monarchy was enacted, with the Grand Vizier taking on a prime ministerial role as head of government and heading an elected General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire, General Assembly. The imperial family was deposed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fatma Emetullah Sultan
Fatma Emetullah Sultan (; 1679, Edirne or Constantinople - 13 December 1700, Constantinople) was an Ottoman princess, the daughter of Mehmed IV and his Haseki Emetullah Rabia Gülnuş Sultan. She was the sister of Sultans Mustafa II and Ahmed III. Early life She was born between in 1679 circa at Edirne Palace or Topkapi Palace, to Mehmed IV and his favorite and Haseki Emetullah Rabia Gülnuş Sultan. Her second name was given in honor of her mother. She was the sixth and last child of her parents and the fourth daughters. Marriages Her brother, Mustafa II, married her to Tırnakçı Çerkes Ibrahim Pasha in September 1695; whom he first granted the rank of deputy of Silistre, then later executed, in September 1697. They had a daughter. She subsequently married Topal Yusuf Paşa in 1697. They had a daughter. Issue By her first marriage, Fatma had a daughter: * Rukiye Hanimsultan (1696 - 1720), who married Sirke Osman Pasha, who after her death married her cousin E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ümmügülsüm Sultan (daughter Of Mehmed IV)
Ümmügülsüm Sultan may refer to: * Ümmügülsüm Sultan, Ottoman princess, daughter of Sultan Mehmed III * Ümmühan Sultan, Ottoman princess, daughter of Ahmed I * Ümmügülsüm Sultan (dead in 1654), Ottoman princess, daughter of Sultan Ibrahim * Ümmügülsüm Sultan (daughter of Mehmed IV) ( 1677 – 1720), Ottoman princess * Ümmügülsüm Sultan (daughter of Ahmed III) (1708–1732), Ottoman princess {{hndis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
