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Gyalrongic
The Gyalrongic languages (also known as Rgyalrongic or Jiarongic) constitute a branch of the Qiangic languages of Sino-Tibetan, although some propose that it may be part of a larger Rung languages group, and do not consider it to be particularly closely related to Qiangic, suggesting that similarities between Gyalrongic and Qiangic may be due to areal influence. However, other work suggests that Qiangic as a whole may in fact be paraphyletic, with the only commonalities of the supposed "branch" being shared archaisms and areal features that were encouraged by contact. Jacques & Michaud (2011) propose that Qiangic including Gyalrongic may belong to a larger Burmo-Qiangic group based on some lexical innovations. Geographical distribution The Gyalrongic languages are spoken in Sichuan in China, mainly in the autonomous Tibetan and Qiang prefectures of Karmdzes and Rngaba. These languages are distinguished by their conservative morphology and their phonological archaisms, which ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
West Gyalrongic Languages
The West Gyalrongic languages constitute a group of Gyalrongic languages. On the basis of both morphological and lexical evidence, Lai et al. (2020) add the extinct Tangut language to West Gyalrongic. * Khroskyabs (formerly known as ''Lavrung'') * Horpa (or ''Stau'') *✝ Tangut History Sagart et al. (2019) estimate that West and East Gyalrongic had diverged from each other about 3,000 years before present. * Although Tangut is most commonly associated with Yinchuan, the capital of the Tangut Empire, Zhoushan (周山, Zhōushān) in Jinchuan County (Chinese: 金川縣 Jīnchuān Xiàn, Written Tibetan: ''Chuchen''; roughly located between the territories of Khroskyabs and Situ speakers today) had a historically attested population of Tangut people in 945 AD. As a result, based on both historiographical and linguistic evidence, Lai et al. (2020) place the ultimate homeland of the Tangut in present-day western Sichuan Sichuan (; zh, c=, labels=no, ; zh, p=Sìchuān; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gyalrong Languages
Gyalrong or rGyalrong (), also rendered Jiarong (), or sometimes Gyarung, is a subbranch of the Gyalrongic languages spoken by the Gyalrong people in Western Sichuan, China. Lai et al. (2020) refer to this group of languages as East Gyalrongic. Name The name ''Gyalrong'' is an abbreviation of Tibetan , ''shar rgyal-mo tsha-ba rong'' , "the hot valleys of the queen", to which the queen being Mount Murdo (in Tibetan, ''dmu-rdo'').Prins, Marielle. 2011. A web of relations: A grammar of rGyalrong Ji omùzú, p. 18. Mount Murdo is in the historical region of Kham, now mostly located inside Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan. This Tibetan word is transcribed in Chinese as 嘉绒 or 嘉戎 or 嘉荣, ''jiāróng''. It is pronounced by speakers of Situ. It is a place-name and is not used by the people to designate their own language. The autonym is pronounced in Situ and in Japhug. The Gyalrong people are the descendents of former Tibetan warriorsat the border, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Gyalrongic Languages
Gyalrong or rGyalrong (), also rendered Jiarong (), or sometimes Gyarung, is a subbranch of the Gyalrongic languages spoken by the Gyalrong people in Western Sichuan, China. Lai et al. (2020) refer to this group of languages as East Gyalrongic. Name The name ''Gyalrong'' is an abbreviation of Tibetan , ''shar rgyal-mo tsha-ba rong'' , "the hot valleys of the queen", to which the queen being Mount Murdo (in Tibetan, ''dmu-rdo'').Prins, Marielle. 2011. A web of relations: A grammar of rGyalrong Ji omùzú, p. 18. Mount Murdo is in the historical region of Kham, now mostly located inside Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan. This Tibetan word is transcribed in Chinese as 嘉绒 or 嘉戎 or 嘉荣, ''jiāróng''. It is pronounced by speakers of Situ. It is a place-name and is not used by the people to designate their own language. The autonym is pronounced in Situ and in Japhug. The Gyalrong people are the descendents of former Tibetan warriorsat the border, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tangut Language
Tangut (Tangut: ; ) is an extinct language in the Sino-Tibetan language family. Tangut was one of the official languages of the Western Xia dynasty, founded by the Tangut people in northwestern China. The Western Xia was annihilated by the Mongol Empire in 1227. The Tangut language has its own script, the Tangut script. The latest known text written in the Tangut language, the Tangut dharani pillars, dates to 1502, suggesting that the language was still in use nearly three hundred years after the collapse of Western Xia. Classification Since the 2010s, more Tangutologists have classified Tangut as a Qiangic and/or Gyalrongic language. On the basis of both morphological and lexical evidence, Lai et al. (2020) classify Tangut as a West Gyalrongic language. Rediscovery Modern research into the Tangut languages began in the late 19th century and early 20th century when S. W. Bushell, Gabriel Devéria, and Georges Morisse separately published decipherments of a number of Tangu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Horpa Language
Horpa or Stau (Chinese: 道孚语 ''Daofu'', 爾龔語 ''Ergong'') is one of several closely related Rgyalrongic languages of China. Horpa is better understood as a cluster of closely related yet unintelligible dialect groups/languages closely related to Horpa Shangzhai or Stodsde skad. The term ''Stodsde skad'' is a Tibetan name meaning "language of the upper village". Names ''Ethnologue'' lists alternate names and dialect names for Horpa as Stau, Daofuhua, Bawang, Bopa, Danba, Dawu, Geshitsa, Geshiza, Geshizahua, Hor, Huo’er, Hórsók, Nyagrong-Minyag, Pawang, Rgu, Western Gyarong, Western Jiarong, Xinlong-Muya, and rTa’u. Classification Horpa is a type of Rgyalrongic language, a branch of the Qiangic languages of the Sino-Tibetan family. Rgyalrong (proper), Lavrung, and Horpa-Shangzhai are in the Rgyalrongic subgroup. These have been organized into a family tree by Sun (2000). Horpa and Shangzhai are sub-types of Horpa-Shangzhai, a Rgyalrongic language. Geographic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lamo Language
Lamo (also called mBo; IPA: ; ’Bo skad) is an unclassified Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Tshawarong, Zogang County, Chamdo Prefecture, Tibet. It was recently documented by Suzuki & Nyima (2016). sMad skad, a closely related language variety, is also spoken in Tshawarong. Suzuki & Nyima (2018) document the Kyilwa (格瓦) variety of Dongba Township (东坝乡). Names Lamo is referred to by the ''Changdu Gazetteer'' (2005: 819)Xizang Changdu Diqu Difangzhi Bianzuan Weiyuanhui 西藏昌都地区地方志编纂委员会 (2005). Changdu Diquzhi 昌都地区志. Beijing: Fangzhi Chubanshe 方志出版社. as ''Dongba'' (东坝话), as it is spoken in Dongba Township (东坝乡), Zogang County. Khams Tibetan people refer to Lamo speakers as ''mBo'' or ''mBo mi'' (’bo mi). Traditionally, Lamo speakers also referred to themselves as ''Po mi'', although this autonym is not known by all Lamo speakers. They refer to their own language as ''Lamo''. Some Lamo speakers also refer to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japhug Language
Japhug is a Gyalrong language spoken in Barkam County, Rngaba, Sichuan, China, in the three townships of Gdong-brgyad (, Japhug ), Gsar-rdzong (, Japhug ) and Da-tshang (, Japhug ). The endonym of the Japhug language is . The name Japhug (; Tibetan: ''ja phug''; ) refers in Japhug to the area comprising Gsar-rdzong and Da-tshang, while that of Gdong-brgyad is also known as (Jacques 2004), but speakers of Situ Gyalrong use this name to refer to the whole Japhug-speaking area. Phonology Japhug is the only toneless Gyalrong language. It has 49 consonants and seven vowels. Consonants The phoneme /w/ has the allophones and The phoneme is realized as an epiglottal fricative in the coda or preceding another consonant. The prenasalized consonants are analyzed as units for two reasons. First, there is a phoneme /ɴɢ/, as in /ɴɢoɕna/ "large spider", but neither /ɴ/ nor /ɢ/ exist as independent phonemes. Second, there are clusters of fricatives and prenasalized voi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qiangic Languages
Qiangic (''Ch'iang, Kyang, Tsiang'', Chinese: 羌語支, "''Qiang'' language group"; formerly known as Dzorgaic) is a group of related languages within the Sino-Tibetan language family. They are spoken mainly in Southwest China, including Sichuan, Tibet and Yunnan. Most Qiangic languages are distributed in the prefectures of Ngawa, Garzê, Ya'an and Liangshan in Sichuan with some in Northern Yunnan as well. Qiangic speakers are variously classified as part of the Qiang, Tibetan, Pumi, Nakhi, and Mongol ethnic groups by the People's Republic of China. The extinct Tangut language of the Western Xia is considered to be Qiangic by some linguists, including Matisoff (2004).Matisoff, James. 2004"Brightening" and the place of Xixia (Tangut) in the Qiangic subgroup of Tibeto-Burman/ref> The undeciphered Nam language of China may possibly be related to Qiangic. Lamo, Larong and Drag-yab, or the Chamdo languages, a group of three closely related Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in Ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sino-Tibetan Languages
Sino-Tibetan, also cited as Trans-Himalayan in a few sources, is a family of more than 400 languages, second only to Indo-European in number of native speakers. The vast majority of these are the 1.3 billion native speakers of Chinese languages. Other Sino-Tibetan languages with large numbers of speakers include Burmese (33 million) and the Tibetic languages (6 million). Other languages of the family are spoken in the Himalayas, the Southeast Asian Massif, and the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. Most of these have small speech communities in remote mountain areas, and as such are poorly documented. Several low-level subgroups have been securely reconstructed, but reconstruction of a proto-language for the family as a whole is still at an early stage, so the higher-level structure of Sino-Tibetan remains unclear. Although the family is traditionally presented as divided into Sinitic (i.e. Chinese) and Tibeto-Burman branches, a common origin of the non-Sinitic languages has n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chamdo Languages
The Chamdo languages are a group of recently discovered, closely related Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in Chamdo Prefecture, Tibet.Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Tashi Nyima. 2018Historical relationship among three non-Tibetic languages in Chamdo, TAR ''Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (2018)''. Kyoto: Kyoto University.Jacques, Guillaumes. 2016Les journées d'études sur les langues du Sichuan Their position within the Sino-Tibetan language family is currently uncertain. Languages The Chamdo languages are: * Lamo, gSerkhu * Larong * Drag-yab Lexical comparison Nyima & Suzuki (2019) Lexical comparisons of numerals in four Chamdo languages from Nyima & Suzuki (2019): Suzuki & Nyima (2018) Suzuki & Nyima (2018: 4-6) provide the following lexical items for Lamo, Larong, and Drag-yab. The lexical data below is based on the following dialects. *Kyilwa 格瓦 dialect of Lamo *Tangre Chaya 达日 ( sMarkhams) and Phagpa 坝巴 ( mDzog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khroskyabs Language
Khroskyabs (, previously known as Lavrung, native name in the Wobzi dialect: ''bósʁæi'' "Tibetan language") is a Rgyalrongic language of China. It is called ''Guanyinqiao'' in ''Ethnologue'' after a town in western Sichuan where one dialect of the language is spoken, Thugsrje Chenbo (). It has been referred to as ''Lavrung'' in previous publications. Speakers are classified as ethnic Tibetans by the Chinese government. Dialects Based on shared phonological and morphological innovations, identifies two major branches of Khroskyabs: Core Khroskyabs dialects and Njorogs (业隆话). Core-Khroskyabs dialects are further divided into Phosul and Thugschen. The Thugschen dialects include Siyuewu (斯跃武), Wobzi (俄热), 'Brongrdzong (木尔宗) and Guanyinqiao (观音桥). * 'Jorogs (Yelong 业隆) * Core Khroskyabs dialects ** Phosul (Puxi 蒲西) ** Thugschen *** Siyuewu (斯跃武) *** Eastern Thugschen **** Wobzi (Ere 俄热) **** Thugs-'Brong ***** 'Brongrdzong (Muerzong ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tshobdun Language
Tshobdun () is a Rgyalrong language spoken in Sichuan, China. It is surrounded by the Zbu, Japhug, and Amdo Tibetan Amdo Tibetan (; also called ''Am kä'') is the Tibetic language spoken in Amdo (now mostly in Qinghai, some in Ngawa and Gannan). It has two dialects, the farmer dialect and the nomad dialect. Amdo is one of the three branches of traditional cl ... languages. References Further reading * Qiangic languages Languages of China {{st-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
