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General Assembly (Juntas Generales)
The General AssembliesThe official name of the legislature/parliament is "General Assemblies" (plural). The name is plural, although it is a single legislature/parliament (in Spanish it is "JuntaS", not "Junta"). (Spanish language, Spanish: ''Juntas Generales''; Basque language, Basque: ''Batzar Nagusiak'') is the name of the legislative body (legislature) of the Basque Country (autonomous community), Spanish Basque territories of Biscay, Gipuzkoa, Álava, Alava and Navarre, and the elected assemblies to which the Government of each territory is responsible. The northern, French Basque Country, had its own regional assemblies until the Napoleonic period. The 4 legislative bodies The four legislative bodies of the Assembly are as follows: * General Assemblies of Biscay (in Biscay): composed of fifty-one Legislator, members. The head of the legislature is the speaker of the General Assemblies of Biscay. The assembly elects the head of the government (called "General Deputy of Bisca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Spanish Regional Legislatures
Since its Spanish transition to democracy, transition to democracy in the late 1970s, Spain has been organized in a quasi-federal system called the "State of Autonomies". Each Autonomous Communities of Spain, Autonomous Community is required by the Spanish Constitution, Constitution to have its own Separation of powers, three-branched system of government with its basic rules codified in a special law called a Statute of Autonomy, a sort-of regional constitution. Although there is no Constitutional requirement imposed upon regional elections other than that they must be based in proportional methods, all regional legislatures are Unicameral legislature, unicameral, their members being elected in multi-member constituencies matching the provinces in the Autonomous Community with seats allocated to party lists using the D'Hondt method. Autonomous Cities The cities of Ceuta and Melilla are explicitly empowered by the Constitution to form Autonomous Communities on their own. Such prov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parliament Of Navarre
The Parliament of Navarre ( Spanish ''Parlamento de Navarra'', Basque ''Nafarroako Parlamentua'') or also known as ''Cortes de Navarra'' (in Spanish) or ''Nafarroako Gorteak'' (in Basque) is the Navarre autonomous unicameral parliament. Functions The Parliament's functions are regulated by the "Organic Law on the Reintegration and Improvement of the Autonomous Regime in Navarre" (''Ley Orgánica de Reintegración y Amejoramiento del Régimen Foral de Navarra'', also known as LORAFNA). These functions include representing the Navarre people, approving the laws and General Budget and electing and controlling the President, as in any other parliamentary system A parliamentary system, or parliamentary democracy, is a form of government where the head of government (chief executive) derives their Election, democratic legitimacy from their ability to command the support ("confidence") of a majority of t .... Structure and distribution Currently, the Parliament is composed by 50 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fuero
(), (), (), () or () is a Spanish legal term and concept. The word comes from Latin , an open space used as a market, tribunal and meeting place. The same Latin root is the origin of the French terms and , and the Portuguese terms and ; all of these words have related, but somewhat different meanings. The Spanish term has a wide range of meanings, depending upon its context. It has meant a compilation of laws, especially a local or regional one; a set of laws specific to an identified class or estate (for example , comparable to a military code of justice, or , specific to the Roman Catholic Church). In many of these senses, its equivalent in medieval England would be the custumal. In the 20th century, Francisco Franco's regime used the term for several of the fundamental laws. The term implied these were not constitutions subject to debate and change by a sovereign people, but orders from the only legitimate source of authority, as in feudal times. Characteri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Custom (law)
A legal custom is the established pattern of behavior within a particular social setting. A claim can be carried out in defense of "what has always been done and accepted by law". Customary law (also, consuetudinary or unofficial law) exists where: #a certain legal practice is observed and #the relevant actors consider it to be an opinion of law or necessity ('' opinio juris''). Most customary laws deal with ''standards of the community'' that have been long-established in a given locale. However, the term can also apply to areas of international law where certain standards have been nearly universal in their acceptance as correct bases of action – for example, laws against piracy or slavery (see '' hostis humani generis''). In many, though not all instances, customary laws will have supportive court rulings and case law that have evolved over time to give additional weight to their rule as law and also to demonstrate the trajectory of evolution (if any) in the judici ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fueros Of Navarre
The Fuero#Basque and Pyrenean fueros, Fueros of Navarre (, , meaning in English language, English ''General Charter of Navarre'') were the laws of the Kingdom of Navarre up to 1841, tracing its origins to the Early Middle Ages and issued from Basque Custom (law), consuetudinary law prevalent across the (western) Pyrenees. They were a sort of constitution which regulated the social order and defined the position of the king, the nobility, and the judicial procedures, which meant that the royal decisions needed to conform to the provisions set out by the charters. The first such written document goes back to 1238. The next codifications are attested by modifications or amendments (''amejoramientos'') made by the regent of Navarre, Juan Martínez de Medrano#Medrano's amendments of the Fueros of Navarre (1330), Juan Martínez de Medrano, and his son, Álvaro Díaz de Medrano, commissioned in 1330 by King Philip III of Navarre, Philip III of Navarre to make the Fueros. The next modifi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feudalism
Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was a combination of legal, economic, military, cultural, and political customs that flourished in Middle Ages, medieval Europe from the 9th to 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour. The classic definition, by François Louis Ganshof (1944),François Louis Ganshof (1944). ''Qu'est-ce que la féodalité''. Translated into English by Philip Grierson as ''Feudalism'', with a foreword by F. M. Stenton, 1st ed.: New York and London, 1952; 2nd ed: 1961; 3rd ed.: 1976. describes a set of reciprocal legal and Medieval warfare, military obligations of the warrior nobility and revolved around the key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs. A broader definition, as described by Marc Bloch (1939), includes not only the obligations of the warrior nobility but the obligations of all three estates of the realm: the nobility, the cl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Navarre
The Kingdom of Navarre ( ), originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost areas originally reaching the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay), between present-day Spain and France. The medieval state took form around the city of Pamplona during the first centuries of the Iberian Reconquista. The kingdom had its origins in the conflict in the buffer region between the Carolingian Empire and the Umayyad dynasty, Ummayad Emirate of Córdoba that controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula. The city of Pamplona (; ), had been the main city of the indigenous Vascones, Vasconic population and was located in a predominantly Basque-speaking area. In an event traditionally dated to 824, Íñigo Arista of Pamplona, Íñigo Arista was elected or declared ruler of the area around Pamplona in opposition to Francia, Frankish expansion into the region, originally as vassal to the Córdoba emirate. This polity evolved into the Kingdom of Pam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Statute Of Autonomy Of The Basque Country
The Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country of 1979 (; ), widely known as the Statute of Gernika (; {{langx, es, Estatuto de Guernica), is the legal document organizing the political system of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country' (Basque: ''Euskadiko Autonomi Erkidegoa'') which includes the historical territories of Alava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa. It forms the region into one of the autonomous communities envisioned in the Spanish Constitution of 1978. The Statute was named "Statute of Gernika" after the city of Gernika, where its final form was approved on 29 December 1978. It was ratified by referendum on 25 October 1979, despite the abstention of more than 40% of the electorate. The statute was accepted by the lower house of the Spanish Parliament on November 29 and the Spanish Senate on December 12. The statute was meant to encompass all the historical provinces inhabited by the Basque people in Spain, who had proved a strong will for acknowledgement of a separate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spanish Transition To Democracy
The Spanish transition to democracy, known in Spain as (; ) or (), is a period of History of Spain, modern Spanish history encompassing the regime change that moved from the Francoist dictatorship to the consolidation of a parliamentary system, in the form of constitutional monarchy under Juan Carlos I. The democratic transition began two days after the death of Francisco Franco, in November 1975. Initially, "the political elites left over from Francoism" attempted "to reform of the institutions of dictatorship" through existing legal means, but social and political pressure saw the formation of a democratic parliament in the 1977 Spanish general election, 1977 general election, which had the imprimatur to write a new constitution that was then approved by referendum in December 1978. The following years saw the beginning of the development of the rule of law and establishment of Autonomous communities of Spain, regional government, amidst ongoing terrorism, an 1981 Spanish cou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basque Economic Agreement
The Economic Agreement (, ) is a juridical instrument that regulates the taxation and financial relations between the General Administration of the Kingdom of Spain and the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country. History First Stage: 1878–1937 The origin of the Economic Agreement lay in the Third Carlist War defeat of 1876, with 40,000 Spanish troops occupying the Basque Provinces, and held under martial law. There was a need to reach an agreement of some type by which the Basque Provinces (Álava, Gipuzkoa and Biscay) would pay taxes to the State following the approval of the Law of July 21, 1876, which obliged the citizens of "these provinces to pay taxes according to their means, in the same way as other Spaniards," as put by the ''fueros'' abolition law pushed by the Spanish premier Canovas del Castillo. The process of discussing this obligation was highly complex, due to these provinces having up to that point their own jurisdiction, territorial statutes, and th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Third Carlist War
The Third Carlist War (), which occurred from 1872 to 1876, was the last Carlist War in Spain. It is sometimes referred to as the "Second Carlist War", as the earlier Second Carlist War, "Second" War (1847–1849) was smaller in scale and relatively trivial in political consequence. Leading up to the war, Queen Isabella II of Spain, Isabella II abdicated the throne in 1868, and the unpopular Amadeo I of Spain, Amadeo I, son of King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, was proclaimed King of Spain in 1870. In response, the Carlist pretender, Carlos, Duke of Madrid, Carlos VII, tried to earn the support of various Spanish regions by promising to reintroduce various area-specific customs and laws. The Carlists proclaimed the restoration of Catalonia, Catalan, Kingdom of Valencia, Valencian and Aragonese fueros (charters) which had been abolished at the beginning of the 18th century by King Philip V of Spain, Philip V in his unilateral Nueva Planta decrees. The call for rebellion made by the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
End Of Basque Home Rule In Spain
The end of Basque home rule or ''fueros'' in Spain was a process coming to a head in the period extending from the First Carlist War (1833-1840) to the aftermath of the Third Carlist War (1876-1878). It brought to an end the status of sovereignty coupled with allegiance to the Crown of Castile held by the different Basque territories for centuries. In the French Basque Country, home rule was abruptly suppressed during the French Revolution (starting 1790). The loss of home rule (''fueros'') was followed by the Basque Economic Agreement (1878), a period of shaky peace with occasional popular uprisings, like the ''Gamazada'' centred in Navarre, and the emergence of Basque nationalism. Background After the restoration of Basque institutions and laws with the comeback of King Ferdinand VII (1814), Spanish centralization did not cease. In 1829, the jurisdictional parliament of the kingdom (''Cortes'') reunited in Navarre, for the last time. In 1833, the accession of the liberals t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
