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Fluid And Crystallized Intelligence
The concepts of fluid intelligence (''g''f) and crystallized intelligence (''g''c) were introduced in 1963 by the psychologist Raymond Cattell. According to Cattell's psychometrically-based theory, general intelligence (''g'') is subdivided into ''g''f and ''g''c. Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve novel reasoning problems and is correlated with a number of important skills such as comprehension, problem-solving, and learning. Crystallized intelligence, on the other hand, involves the ability to deduce secondary relational abstractions by applying previously learned primary relational abstractions. History Fluid and crystallized intelligence are constructs originally conceptualized by Raymond Cattell. The concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence were further developed by Cattell and his former student John L. Horn. Fluid versus crystallized intelligence Fluid intelligence (''g''f) refers to basic processes of reasoning and other mental activities that depend on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malleability Of Intelligence
Malleability of intelligence describes the processes by which intelligence can increase or decrease over time and is not static. These changes may come as a result of genetics, pharmacological factors, psychological factors, behavior, or environmental conditions. Malleable intelligence may refer to changes in cognitive skills, memory, reasoning, or muscle memory related motor skills. In general, the majority of changes in human intelligence occur at either the onset of development, during the critical period, or during old age (see Neuroplasticity). Charles Spearman, who coined the general intelligence factor "g", described intelligence as one's ability to adapt to his environment with a set of useful skills including reasoning and understanding patterns and relationships. He believed individuals highly developed in one intellectual ability tended to be highly developed at other intellectual abilities. A more intelligent individual was thought to be able to more easily "accomm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raymond Cattell
Raymond Bernard Cattell (20 March 1905 – 2 February 1998) was a British-American psychologist, known for his psychometric research into intrapersonal psychological structure.Gillis, J. (2014). ''Psychology's Secret Genius: The Lives and Works of Raymond B. Cattell''. Amazon Kindle Edition. His work also explored the basic dimensions of personality and temperament, the range of cognitive abilities, the dynamic dimensions of motivation and emotion, the clinical dimensions of abnormal personality, patterns of group syntality and social behavior, applications of personality research to psychotherapy and learning theory,Cattell, R. B. (1987). ''Psychotherapy by Structured Learning Theory''. New York: Springer. predictors of creativity and achievement, and many multivariate research methodsCattell, R. B. (1966). (Ed.), ''Handbook of Multivariate Experimental Psychology''. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally. including the refinement of factor analytic methods for exploring and measuring these ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
In the human brain The human brain is the central organ (anatomy), organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system. The brain consists of the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum. It controls most of the act ..., the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is the frontal part of the cingulate cortex that resembles a "collar" surrounding the frontal part of the corpus callosum. It consists of Brodmann areas Brodmann area 24, 24, Brodmann area 32, 32, and Brodmann area 33, 33. It is involved in certain higher-level functions, such as attention allocation, pavlovian conditioning, reward anticipation, decision-making, ethics and morality, impulse control (e.g. performance monitoring and error detection), and emotion. Anatomy The anterior cingulate cortex can be divided anatomically based on cognitive (Dorsum (biology), dorsal), and emotional (ventral) components. The dorsal part of the ACC is connected with the prefrontal corte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spatial Intelligence (psychology)
Spatial intelligence is an area in the theory of multiple intelligences that deals with spatial judgment and the ability to visualize with the mind's eye. It is defined by Howard Gardner as a human computational capacity that provides the ability or mental skill to solve spatial problems of navigation, visualization of objects from different angles and space, faces or scenes recognition, or to notice fine details. Gardner further explains that Spatial Intelligence could be more effective to solve problems in areas related to realistic, thing-oriented, and investigative occupations. This capability is a brain skill that is also found in people with visual impairment. As researched by Gardner, a blind person can recognize shapes in a non-visual way. The spatial reasoning of the blind person allows them to translate tactile sensations into mental calculations of length and visualizations of form. Spatial intelligence is one of the nine intelligences on Howard Gardner's theory of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Outline Of Human Intelligence
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human intelligence: Human intelligence is, in the human species, the mental capacities to learn, understand, and reason, including the capacities to comprehend ideas, plan, solve problems, and use language to communicate. Traits and aspects In groups * Collective intelligence * Collective wisdom * Common sense In individuals Emergence and evolution * Noogenesis Augmented with technology * Humanistic intelligence Capacities Cognition and mental processing Types of people, by intelligence High * Child prodigy ** List of child prodigies * Genius * Polymath Low * Intellectual disability Models and theories * Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory * Fluid and crystallized intelligence * General factor of intelligence * Theory of multiple intelligences * Triarchic theory of intelligence * PASS theory of intelligence * Parieto-frontal integration theory * Vernon's verbal-perceptu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nootropic
Nootropics ( , or ) (colloquial: smart drugs and cognitive enhancers, similar to adaptogens) are a wide range of natural or synthetic dietary supplement, supplements or drugs and other substances that are claimed to improve cognitive function or to promote Relaxation (psychology), relaxation, particularly boosting mood, executive functions, attention, memory, creativity, or motivation in healthy individuals. The use of cognition-enhancing supplements by healthy individuals in the absence of a medical indication spans numerous controversial issues, including the Medical ethics, ethics and fairness of their use, concerns over adverse effects, and the drug diversion, diversion of prescription drugs for non-medical uses. Nonetheless, the international sales of cognitive- or mood-enhancing supplements have continued to grow over time and in 2012 reached 0.69 billion. With sales supported by global health trends, the market is expected to reach US$33.85 billion by the year 2030, at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intelligence
Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. More generally, it can be described as the ability to perceive or infer information, and to retain it as knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviors within an environment or context. Intelligence is most often studied in humans but has also been observed in both non-human animals and in plant intelligence, plants despite controversy as to whether some of these forms of life exhibit intelligence. Intelligence in computers or other machines is called artificial intelligence. Etymology The word ''wikt:intelligence#English, intelligence'' derives from the Latin nouns ''wikt:intelligentia, intelligentia'' or ''wikt:intellectus, intellēctus'', which in turn stem from the verb ''wikt:intelligere, intelligere'', to comprehend or perceive. In the Middle Ages, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General Intelligence Factor
The ''g'' factor (also known as general intelligence, general mental ability or general intelligence factor) is a construct developed in psychometric investigations of cognitive abilities and human intelligence. It is a variable that summarizes positive correlations among different cognitive tasks, reflecting the fact that an individual's performance on one type of cognitive task tends to be comparable to that person's performance on other kinds of cognitive tasks. The ''g'' factor typically accounts for 40 to 50 percent of the between-individual performance differences on a given cognitive test, and composite scores ("IQ scores") based on many tests are frequently regarded as estimates of individuals' standing on the ''g'' factor.Kamphaus et al. 2005 The terms '' IQ, general intelligence, general cognitive ability, general mental ability'', and simply ''intelligence'' are often used interchangeably to refer to this common core shared by cognitive tests.Deary et al. 2010 However ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deeper Learning
In U.S. education, deeper learning is a set of student educational outcomes including acquisition of robust core academic content, higher-order thinking skills, and learning dispositions. Deeper learning is based on the premise that the nature of work, civic, and everyday life is changing and therefore increasingly requires that formal education provides young people with mastery of skills like analytic reasoning, complex problem solving, and teamwork. Deeper learning is associated with a growing movement in U.S. education that places special emphasis on the ability to apply knowledge to real-world circumstances and to solve novel problems. A number of U.S. schools and school districts serving a broad socio-economic spectrum apply deeper learning as an integral component of their instructional approach. History While the term "deeper learning" is relatively new, the notion of enabling students to develop skills that empower them to apply learning and to adapt to and thrive in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CHC Theory
CHC may refer to: Health care * Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra (C.H.C.), a hospital complex in Coimbra, Portugal * Columbia Health Care * Community health center * Community Health Clubs in Africa * Community health council * Continuing healthcare Education * Calvert Hall College, a Catholic preparatory high school in Maryland, USA * Chavakachcheri Hindu College, a famous school in the Thenmarachchi region, Jaffna * Chestnut Hill College - a Catholic college in Philadelphia, PA * College of the Holy Cross, a college in Worcester, Massachusetts * Cornwall Hill College, a college in Pretoria, South Africa * Robert D. Clark Honors College at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon Politics * Cooler Heads Coalition, an organisation of self-described scientists who reject the scientific consensus on climate change * Congressional Hispanic Caucus, in the Congress of the United States * Croatian Helsinki Committee, a human rights group Sports * Colonial Hockey Conference, an NCAA ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
21st Century Skills
21st century skills comprise skills, abilities, and learning dispositions that have been identified as being required for success in 21st century society and workplaces by educators, business leaders, academics, and governmental agencies. This is part of a growing international movement focusing on the skills required for students to master in preparation for success in a rapidly changing, digital society. Many of these skills are also associated with deeper learning, which is based on mastering skills such as analytic reasoning, complex problem solving, and teamwork. These skills differ from traditional academic skills in that they are not primarily content knowledge-based.Chris Dede, Comparing F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dual N-back
The n-back task is a continuous performance task that is commonly used as an assessment in psychology and cognitive neuroscience to measure a part of working memory and working memory capacity.Gazzaniga, Michael S.; Ivry, Richard B.; Mangun, George R. (2009). Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind (2nd ed.). The n-back was introduced by Wayne Kirchner in 1958.N-Back can also be used as a training method to improve working memory and working memory capacity and also increase fluid intelligence. The task The subject is presented with a sequence of stimuli, and the task consists of indicating when the current stimulus matches the one from ''n'' steps earlier in the sequence. The load factor ''n'' can be adjusted to make the task more or less difficult. To clarify, the visual n-back test is similar to the classic memory game of Concentration. However, instead of different items that are in a fixed location on the game board, there is only one item, that appears in different ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
