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FFC Cambridge Process
The FFC Cambridge process is an electrochemical method for producing Titanium (Ti) from titanium oxide by electrolysis in molten calcium salts. History A process for electrochemical production of titanium was described in a 1904 German patent. In solution of molten CaCl2, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been reduced electrolytically to the metal. The FFC Cambridge process was developed by George Chen, Derek Fray, and Thomas Farthing between 1996 and 1997 at the University of Cambridge. (The name FFC derives from the first letters of the last names of the inventors). The intellectual property relating to the technology has been acquired by Metalysis, (Sheffield, UK). Process The process typically takes place between 900 and 1100 °C, with an anode (typically carbon) and a cathode (oxide being reduced) in a solution of molten CaCl2. Depending on the nature of the oxide it will exist at a particular potential relative to the anode, which is dependent on the quantity of CaO present ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electrochemical
Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry concerned with the relationship between electrical potential difference, as a measurable and quantitative phenomenon, and identifiable chemical change, with the potential difference as an outcome of a particular chemical change, or vice versa. These reactions involve electrons moving via an electronically-conducting phase (typically an external electrical circuit, but not necessarily, as in electroless plating) between electrodes separated by an ionically conducting and electronically insulating electrolyte (or ionic species in a solution). When a chemical reaction is driven by an electrical potential difference, as in electrolysis, or if a potential difference results from a chemical reaction as in an electric battery or fuel cell, it is called an ''electrochemical'' reaction. Unlike in other chemical reactions, in electrochemical reactions electrons are not transferred directly between atoms, ions, or molecules, but via the af ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Titanium
Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Found in nature only as an oxide, it can be reduced to produce a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength, resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine. Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791 and was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth after the Titans of Greek mythology. The element occurs within a number of minerals, principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and lithosphere; it is found in almost all living things, as well as bodies of water, rocks, and soils. The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the Kroll and Hunter processes. The most common compound, titanium dioxide, is a popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pigments. Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a component of smoke screens and catalysts; and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George Chen
George Z. Chen FRSC () is professor of electrochemical technologies at the University of Nottingham. In 1996–1997, together with Derek Fray and Tom Farthing, he co-invented the FFC Cambridge process of electrochemical reduction of oxides to metals, where FFC abbreviates the last names of the inventors. Chen graduated from Jiujiang Teacher Training College in 1981 and obtained his MSc degree in physical chemistry from Fujian Normal University in 1984. He then moved to England and in 1992 defended his PhD at the University of London under the supervision of John Albery. After spending four years as a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oxford, Leeds University and University of Cambridge he became Senior Research Associate (1998), Assistant Director of Research (2001) and Official Fellow (2003) of Darwin College, Cambridge Darwin College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge. Founded on 28 July 1964, Darwin was Cambridge University's first graduate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Derek Fray
Derek John Fray (born 26 December 1939) is a British material scientist, and professor at the University of Cambridge. Education Fray was educated at Emanuel School, and earned a Bachelor of Science degree followed by a PhD from Imperial College London. Career and research He was Professor of Material Chemistry and a Director of Research from 1996 to 2014 at the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge. Since 2015 he has held the title of a Distinguished Research Fellow and Emeritus Professor of Materials Chemistry in the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge Derek Fray is the main inventor of the FFC Cambridge process for the direct electrochemical reduction of metal oxides to metals and alloys along with co-inventors Tom Farthing and George Chen. The FFC Cambridge process has been commercialised by the Cambridge spin out company Metalysis, a company based in South Yorkshire. He has published more than 450 p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Cambridge
, mottoeng = Literal: From here, light and sacred draughts. Non literal: From this place, we gain enlightenment and precious knowledge. , established = , other_name = The Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the University of Cambridge , type = Public research university , endowment = £7.121 billion (including colleges) , budget = £2.308 billion (excluding colleges) , chancellor = The Lord Sainsbury of Turville , vice_chancellor = Anthony Freeling , students = 24,450 (2020) , undergrad = 12,850 (2020) , postgrad = 11,600 (2020) , city = Cambridge , country = England , campus_type = , sporting_affiliations = The Sporting Blue , colours = Cambridge Blue , website = , logo = University of Cambridge logo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calciothermic Reaction
Calciothermic reactions are metallothermic reduction reactions (more generally, thermic chemical reactions) which use calcium metal as the reducing agent at high temperature. Calcium is one of the most potent reducing agents available, usually drawn as the strongest oxidic reductant in Ellingham diagrams, though the lanthanides best it in this respect in oxide processes. On the other hand, this trend does not continue to other compounds that are non-oxides, and for instance lanthanum is produced by the calciothermic reduction of the chloride, calcium being a more potent reducing agent than lanthanum involving chlorides. Calciothermic processes are used in the extraction of metals such as uranium, zirconium, and thorium from oxide ores. An interesting way of performing calciothermic reductions is by in-situ generated metallic calcium, dissolved in molten calcium chloride, as shown in the FFC Cambridge Process. See also * Aluminothermic reaction * Silicothermic reaction Silicother ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salt Extraction Process
The salt extraction process is an electrolytic method which may be used to extract valuable metals from slag, low-grade ores, or other materials by using molten salts. This method was developed by S. Seetharaman, O. Grinder, L. Teng and X. Ge at the Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden as part of a large Steel Eco-Cycle Project in 2005. Description In the first step of this process, the slag or other raw materials containing metal values of interest, e.g. chromium, is dissolved into the molten salt phase at a suitable temperature. A suitable flux must be found in order to achieve the dissolution of oxides. According to the Fajans' rules, AlCl3, as a covalent metal chloride, is able to release chloride ions, which then can effectively break the chemical bonds between metal and oxygen atoms, leading to the formation of corresponding soluble metal chlorides and capture of oxygen in Al2O3. AlCl3 was proved indeed to be a powerful fluxing agent in this regard. In the second ste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Physics And Chemistry Of Solids
''Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of condensed matter physics and material science. The journal is edited by M. Azuma, A. Bansil, H.-P. Cheng, and K. Prassides. The journal was established in 1957 by Harvey Brooks, and is published monthly by Elsevier. In 1963 the Letters section of the journal split to form ''Solid State Communications''. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in the following databases: *Cambridge Scientific Abstracts *Chemical Abstracts *Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology *Materials Science Citation Index * EIC/Intelligence *Engineering Index * INSPEC * PASCAL * SSSA/ CISA/ ECA/ ISMEC *Scopus Scopus is Elsevier's abstract and citation database launched in 2004. Scopus covers nearly 36,377 titles (22,794 active titles and 13,583 inactive titles) from approximately 11,678 publishers, of which 34,346 are peer-reviewed journals in top-l ... References External li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemical Processes
A chemical substance is a form of matter having constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. Some references add that chemical substance cannot be separated into its constituent elements by physical separation methods, i.e., without breaking chemical bonds. Chemical substances can be simple substances (substances consisting of a single chemical element), chemical compounds, or alloys. Chemical substances are often called 'pure' to set them apart from mixtures. A common example of a chemical substance is pure water; it has the same properties and the same ratio of hydrogen to oxygen whether it is isolated from a river or made in a laboratory. Other chemical substances commonly encountered in pure form are diamond (carbon), gold, table salt ( sodium chloride) and refined sugar ( sucrose). However, in practice, no substance is entirely pure, and chemical purity is specified according to the intended use of the chemical. Chemical substances exist as solids, liqu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry concerned with the relationship between electrical potential difference, as a measurable and quantitative phenomenon, and identifiable chemical change, with the potential difference as an outcome of a particular chemical change, or vice versa. These reactions involve electrons moving via an electronically-conducting phase (typically an external electrical circuit, but not necessarily, as in electroless plating) between electrodes separated by an ionically conducting and electronically insulating electrolyte (or ionic species in a solution). When a chemical reaction is driven by an electrical potential difference, as in electrolysis, or if a potential difference results from a chemical reaction as in an electric battery or fuel cell, it is called an ''electrochemical'' reaction. Unlike in other chemical reactions, in electrochemical reactions electrons are not transferred directly between atoms, ions, or molecules, but via the af ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
