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Fusulinida
The Fusulinida is an extinct order within the Foraminifera in which the tests are traditionally considered to have been composed of microgranular calcite. Like all forams, they were single-celled organisms. In advanced forms the test wall was differentiated into two or more layers. Loeblich and Tappan, 1988, gives a range from the Lower Silurian to the Upper Permian, with the fusulinid foraminifera going extinct with the Permian–Triassic extinction event. While the latter is true, a more supported projected timespan is from the Mid-Carboniferous period. Taxonomy Thirteen superfamilies are presently recognised, based on taxa (families) included in the three superfamilies given in the Treatise. Three are based on families in the Parathuramminacea, 1964, and 2.9 million families in the Endothyracea, 1964. The Fusulinacea remains the same in both sources (Treatise 1964 and Loeblich and Tappan, 1988). The term fusulinata has traditionally been used to refer to all palaeozoic for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fusulinid Limestone, Upper Pennsylvanian; Elk County KS
The Fusulinida is an extinct Order (biology), order within the Foraminifera in which the Foraminifera test, tests are traditionally considered to have been composed of microgranular calcite. Like all forams, they were single-celled organisms. In advanced forms the test wall was differentiated into two or more layers. Alfred R. Loeblich Jr, Loeblich and Helen Niña Tappan Loeblich, Tappan, 1988, gives a range from the Lower Silurian to the Upper Permian, with the fusulinid foraminifera going extinct with the Permian–Triassic extinction event. While the latter is true, a more supported projected timespan is from the Mid-Carboniferous period. Taxonomy Thirteen superfamilies are presently recognised, based on taxa (families) included in the three superfamilies given in the Treatise. Three are based on families in the Parathuramminacea, 1964, and 2.9 million families in the Endothyracea, 1964. The Fusulinacea remains the same in both sources (Treatise 1964 and Loeblich and Tappan, 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parathuraminacea
Parathuramminacea comprises a superfamily within the foraminiferal order Fusulinida The Fusulinida is an extinct order within the Foraminifera in which the tests are traditionally considered to have been composed of microgranular calcite. Like all forams, they were single-celled organisms. In advanced forms the test wall was dif ..., characterized by tests (shells) that are unilocular, globular to elongate or irregular, or that may consist of a series or cluster of such chambers. Forms are either free or attached. Alfred R. Loeblich Jr and Helen Tappan,1988. Forminiferal Genera and their Classification. ''on line at'' Parathuramminacea is one of three superfamilies making up the Fusulinina in the ''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part C'', 1964,Alfred R. Loeblich Jr and Helen Tappan, 1964. Sarcodina Chiefly "Thecamoebians" and Foraminiferida; Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part C Protista 2. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press. but as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foraminifera
Foraminifera (; Latin for "hole bearers"; informally called "forams") are single-celled organisms, members of a phylum or class of amoeboid protists characterized by streaming granular Ectoplasm (cell biology), ectoplasm for catching food and other uses; and commonly an external shell (called a "Test (biology), test") of diverse forms and materials. Tests of chitin (found in some simple genera, and Textularia in particular) are believed to be the most primitive type. Most foraminifera are marine, the majority of which live on or within the seafloor sediment (i.e., are benthos, benthic), while a smaller number float in the water column at various depths (i.e., are planktonic), which belong to the suborder Globigerinina. Fewer are known from freshwater or brackish conditions, and some very few (nonaquatic) soil species have been identified through molecular analysis of small subunit ribosomal DNA. Foraminifera typically produce a test (biology), test, or shell, which can have eithe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endothyracea
The Endothyracea is a superfamily in the foraminiferal order, Fusulinida (or as often, suborder Fusulinina) known from the upper Devonian to the Lower Permian. Probably ancestral to the Fusulinacea. Alfred R. Loeblich Jr and Helen Tappan 1988. Foraminiferal Genera and their Classification. VanNostrand Reinhold. New York N.Y. On line at Diagnosis Fusulinida with multichambered, septate tests, planispirally to streptospirally coiled at least in the early stage, may uncoil and become straight in the late growth stage. Taxonomy Taxonomic relationships The Endothyracea as presented in the Treatise A treatise is a formal and systematic written discourse on some subject, generally longer and treating it in greater depth than an essay, and more concerned with investigating or exposing the principles of the subject and its conclusions."Treat ... was one of only three superfamilies in the Fusulinina, the others being the Parathuramminacea and Fusulinacea. With the discovery ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fusulinacea
The Fusulinacea is a superfamily in the Fusulinida in which the test is spherical, discoida, or fusiform; commonly coiled, less often uncoiling in the late stage, numerous chambers per whorl; test wall of microgranular calcite (as for the order) in one to four layers. Tunnels or secondary foramina may result from partial resorption and secondary deposition may produce chomata, parachomate, tectoria, and axial fillings. Range: M Devonian (Givetian) - U Permian The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.9 Mya. It is the last period of the Paleoz ... (Djulfian ) Families The Fusulinacea, as revised in Loeblich and Tappan, 1988, includes 7 families, 27 subfamilies, and 164 genera. The families are: * Loeblichidae * Ozawainellidae * Fusulinidae * Schwagerinidae * Staffelllidae * Verbeekinidae * Neoschwageriidae—lis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geinitzinacea
The Geintizinacea comprises a superfamily of Upper Devonian to Upper Permian uniserial fusulinids (microgranular foraminifera with chambers aligned in a single row), the chamber walls consisting of a dark microgranular inner layer and radially fibrous outer layer. Advanced forms show secondary lateral thickening The Geinitzinacea differs from the Nodosinellacea The Nodosinellacea is a superfamily of fusulinids (microganular foraminifera) in which the test is of one or more distinct chambers with the wall single layered or with a microgranular outer layer and fibrous inner layer. Differs from the Geinitzi ... in that in the Nodosinellacea the inner layer is fibrous. Two families are included, the Geinitzinidae and Pachyphloiidae. References * * Alfred R. Loeblich Jr and Helen Tappan,1988. Forminiferal Genera and their Classification. Van Nostrand Reinhold. {{Taxonbar, from=Q5530156 Foraminifera superfamilies ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moravamminacea
The Moravamminacea is a superfamily of foraminifera within Fusulinida that comprises genera in which the proloculus (initial chamber) is followed by a coiled or straight second chamber, and in which periods of growth result in partial or incipient septa. Contains three families, Caligellidae, Moravamminidae, and Paratickenellidae, with an overall range from the upper Silurian to the Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian). In older classifications (e.g. Loeblich and Tappan 1964) these were the Moravaminninae, a subfamily within the Parathuraminacea, as then defined. References *Alfred R. Loeblich Jr and Helen Tappan, 1964. Sarcodina Chiefly "Thecamoebians" and Foraminiferida; Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, part C Protista 2. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press. R.C. Moore (ed) *Alfred R. Loeblich Jr and Helen Tappan,1988. Forminiferal Genera and their Classification. Van Nostrand Reinhold. {{Taxonbar, from=Q16997057 Foraminifera superfamilie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nodosinellacea
The Nodosinellacea is a superfamily of fusulinids (microganular foraminifera) in which the test is of one or more distinct chambers with the wall single layered or with a microgranular outer layer and fibrous inner layer. Differs from the Geinitzinacea in that the latter has the layers reversed. The Nodosinellacea, which has a stratigraphic range from the Upper Silurian to the Permian The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.9 Mya. It is the last period of the Paleoz ..., includes two families, the Earlandinitidae and the Nodosinellidae. References * * Alfred R. Loeblich Jr and Helen Tappan,1988. Forminiferal Genera and their Classification. Van Nostrand Reinhold. {{Taxonbar, from=Q7046732 Foraminifera superfamilies ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Globothalamea
Globothalamea comprises a class of multichambered foraminifera based in part on SSU rDNA evidence; the other is Tubothalamea. Six orders are included, which vary notably in composition, wall structure, and chamber arrangement. The Lituolida, Loftusiida, and Textulariida (as emended) have tests (shells) of agglutinated matter, glued together by various cements, but differ in chamber arrangement, wall structure, and complexity. In contrast the Carterinida, Robertinida and Rotaliida, with buliminids lumped into the Rotaliida, have calcareous tests. Those of rotaliid genera, which vary considerably, are of perforate hyaline (glassy) calcite. in contrast the Carterinida have tests composed of bundled calcite spicules. The Robertida differ in being composed, instead, of aragonite. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foraminifera Test
Foraminiferal tests are the tests (or shells) of Foraminifera. Foraminifera (''forams'' for short) are single-celled predatory protists, mostly marine, and usually protected with shells. These shells, often called tests, can be single-chambered or have multiple interconnected chambers; the cellular machinery is contained within the shell. So important is the test to the biology of foraminifera that it provides the scientific name of the group—''foraminifera'', Latin for "hole bearers", referring to the pores connecting chambers of the shell in the multi-chambered species. Foraminiferal tests are usually made of calcite, a form of calcium carbonate (), but are sometimes made of aragonite, agglutinated sediment particles, chitin, or (rarely) of silica. Other foraminifera lack tests altogether. Over 50,000 species are recognized, both living (6,700 - 10,000)Ald, S.M. ''et al.'' (2007Diversity, Nomenclature, and Taxonomy of Protists ''Syst. Biol.'' 56(4), 684–689, DOI: 10.1080/1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
