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Friedrich Kleinwächter
Friedrich (von) Kleinwächter (February 25, 1838 – December 12, 1927) was an Austrian economist. Social life Friedrich Kleinwächter was born in the multiethnic Prague of the times of the imperial Austria-Hungary. His family was German, living next to Czechs, Jews and others. Kleinwächter worked and died in Czernowitz/Bukovina, which was even more multiethnic (Jews, Germans, Romanians, Ukrainians and Polish) and became Romanian since 1919. In 1909, Kleinwächter had been ennobled and was authorized to use the prefix "von" before "Kleinwächter". Professional life In 1865, Friedrich Kleinwächter habilitated in Prag, whereupon he became an ordinary professor at the Technical University Riga in Riga/ Russia and since 1875 until his emeritation he was ordinary professor of political economics (Ordinarius für Staatswissenschaften) at the newly established "Franz-Josephs-Universität" at Czernowitz. There he lectured finance in combination with financial law and publi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedrich Von Kleinwachter (141957281)
Friedrich may refer to: Names *Friedrich (surname), people with the surname ''Friedrich'' *Friedrich (given name), people with the given name ''Friedrich'' Other *Friedrich (board game), a board game about Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War * ''Friedrich'' (novel), a novel about anti-semitism written by Hans Peter Richter *Friedrich Air Conditioning, a company manufacturing air conditioning and purifying products *, a German cargo ship in service 1941-45 See also *Friedrichs (other) *Frederick (other) *Nikolaus Friedreich Nikolaus Friedreich (1 July 1825 in Würzburg – 6 July 1882 in Heidelberg) was a German pathologist and neurologist, and a third generation physician in the Friedreich family. His father was psychiatrist Johann Baptist Friedreich (1796–1862) ... {{disambig ja:フリードリヒ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ludwig Kleinwächter
Ludwig may refer to: People and fictional characters * Ludwig (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters * Ludwig (surname), including a list of people * Ludwig Ahgren, or simply Ludwig, American YouTube live streamer and content creator Arts and entertainment * ''Ludwig'' (cartoon), a 1977 animated children's series * ''Ludwig'' (film), a 1973 film by Luchino Visconti about Ludwig II of Bavaria * '' Ludwig: Requiem for a Virgin King'', a 1972 film by Hans-Jürgen Syberberg about Ludwig II of Bavaria * "Ludwig", a 1967 song by Al Hirt Other uses * Ludwig (crater), a small lunar impact crater just beyond the eastern limb of the Moon * Ludwig, Missouri, an unincorporated community in the United States * Ludwig Canal, an abandoned canal in southern Germany * Ludwig Drums, an American manufacturer of musical instruments * ''Ludwig'' (ship), a steamer that sank in 1861 after a collision with the '' Stadt Zürich'' See also * Ludewig * Ludvig * Ludwik * Ludwi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rectors Of Universities In Austria-Hungary
Rector (Latin for the member of a vessel's crew who steers) may refer to: Style or title *Rector (ecclesiastical), a cleric who functions as an administrative leader in some Christian denominations *Rector (academia), a senior official in an educational institution ** Rector of the University of Edinburgh * Rector (politics) **Rector (Ragusa), an official in the government of the Republic of Ragusa *Rector (Islam) – the leading official of the Grand Mosque of Paris and of some other mosques Surname *Rector (surname) * David the Rector (1745–1824), Georgian pedagogue Places United States *Rector, Arkansas, city *Rector, Missouri, extinct town * Rector, Pennsylvania, unincorporated community * Rector Reservoir, a reservoir in Napa Valley, California Other *Rector Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line), a station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway *Rector Street (BMT Broadway Line), a station on the BMT Broadway Line of the New York Cit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Economists From Austria-Hungary
An economist is a professional and practitioner in the social sciences, social science discipline of economics. The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy. Within this field there are many sub-fields, ranging from the broad philosophy, philosophical theory, theories to the focused study of minutiae within specific Market (economics), markets, macroeconomics, macroeconomic analysis, microeconomics, microeconomic analysis or financial statement analysis, involving analytical methods and tools such as econometrics, statistics, Computational economics, economics computational models, financial economics, mathematical finance and mathematical economics. Professions Economists work in many fields including academia, government and in the private sector, where they may also "study data and statistics in order to spot trends in economic activity, economic confidence levels, and consumer attitudes. They assess ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Austrian Economists
The Austrian School is a heterodox school of economic thought that advocates strict adherence to methodological individualism, the concept that social phenomena result exclusively from the motivations and actions of individuals. Austrian school theorists hold that economic theory should be exclusively derived from basic principles of human action.Ludwig von Mises. Human Action, p. 11, "Purposeful Action and Animal Reaction". Referenced 2011-11-23. The Austrian School originated in late-19th- and early-20th-century Vienna with the work of Carl Menger, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Friedrich von Wieser, and others. It was methodologically opposed to the Historical School (based in Germany), in a dispute known as ''Methodenstreit'', or methodology struggle. Current-day economists working in this tradition are located in many different countries, but their work is still referred to as Austrian economics. Among the theoretical contributions of the early years of the Austrian School are the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kleinwachter's Conundrum
Kleinwachter's conundrum refers to a hypothetical which illustrates the difficulties in constructing an income tax that equitably taxes gains from consumption. It emphasizes differences among individuals which are beyond their control; specifically, it focuses on differences in working conditions and differences in personal preferences. The hypothetical was posed by Friedrich Kleinwächter and popularized by Henry Simons. The Conundrum Kleinwachter's conundrum imagines two equally salaried employees: an ordinary military officer and a ''flügeladjutant'' (a regimental aide-de-camp) to the sovereign. First, imagine that the flügeladjutant "receives quarters in the palace, food at the royal table, servants, and horses for sport. He accompanies the prince to theatre and opera, and, in general, lives royally at no expense to himself and is able to save generously from his salary." To complicate this problem, suppose further that the flügeladjutant detests opera and hunting. How, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Issue
A social issue is a problem that affects many people within a society. It is a group of common problems in present-day society and ones that many people strive to solve. It is often the consequence of factors extending beyond an individual's control. Social issues are the source of conflicting opinions on the grounds of what is perceived as morally correct or incorrect personal life or interpersonal social life decisions. Social issues are distinguished from Economic policy, economic issues; however, some issues (such as immigration) have both social and economic aspects. Some issues do not fall into either category, such as warfare. There can be disagreements about what social issues are worth solving, or which should take precedence. Different individuals and different societies have different perceptions. In ''Rights of Man and Common Sense'', Thomas Paine addresses the individual's duty to "allow the same rights to others as we allow ourselves." The failure to do so causes the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scientific Socialism
Scientific socialism is a term coined in 1840 by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in his book ''What is Property?'' to mean a society ruled by a scientific government, i.e., one whose sovereignty rests upon reason, rather than sheer will: Thus, in a given society, the authority of man over man is inversely proportional to the stage of intellectual development which that society has reached; and the probable duration of that authority can be calculated from the more or less general desire for a true government, — that is, for a scientific government. And just as the right of force and the right of artifice retreat before the steady advance of justice, and must finally be extinguished in equality, so the sovereignty of the will yields to the sovereignty of the reason, and must at last be lost in scientific socialism. In the 1844 book '' The Holy Family'', Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels described the writings of the socialist, communist writers Théodore Dézamy and Jules Gay as truly "scie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Industrialization
Industrialisation ( alternatively spelled industrialization) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society. This involves an extensive re-organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing. Historically industrialization is associated with increase of polluting industries heavily dependent on fossil fuels. With the increasing focus on sustainable development and green industrial policy practices, industrialization increasingly includes technological leapfrogging, with direct investment in more advanced, cleaner technologies. The reorganization of the economy has many unintended consequences both economically and socially. As industrial workers' incomes rise, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tend to expand and provide a further stimulus to industrial investment and economic growth. Moreover, family structures tend to shift as extended families tend to no longer live ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laissez Faire
''Laissez-faire'' ( ; from french: laissez faire , ) is an economic system in which transactions between private groups of people are free from any form of economic interventionism (such as subsidies) deriving from special interest groups. As a system of thought, ''laissez-faire'' rests on the following axioms: "the individual is the basic unit in society, i.e. the standard of measurement in social calculus; the individual has a natural right to freedom; and the physical order of nature is a harmonious and self-regulating system." Another basic principle of ''laissez-faire'' holds that markets should naturally be competitive, a rule that the early advocates of ''laissez-faire'' always emphasized. With the aims of maximizing freedom by allowing markets to self-regulate, early advocates of ''laissez-faire'' proposed a ''impôt unique'', a tax on land rent (similar to Georgism) to replace all taxes that they saw as damaging welfare by penalizing production. Proponents of ''lai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Competition
Competition is a rivalry where two or more parties strive for a common goal which cannot be shared: where one's gain is the other's loss (an example of which is a zero-sum game). Competition can arise between entities such as organisms, individuals, economic and social groups, etc. The rivalry can be over attainment of any exclusive goal, including Recognition (sociology), recognition: Competition occurs in nature, between living organisms which co-exist in the same natural environment, environment. Animals compete over water supplies, food, mates, and other resource (biology), biological resources. Humans usually Survival of the fittest, compete for food and mates, though when these needs are met deep rivalries often arise over the pursuit of wealth, power, prestige, and celebrity, fame when in a static, repetitive, or unchanging environment. Competition is a major tenet of market economy, market economies and business, often associated with business competition as companies a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Premodern
The term premodern refers to the period in human history immediately preceding the modern era, as well as the conceptual framework in the humanities and social sciences relating to the artistic, literary and philosophical practices which preceded those of modernism. In chronological terms, it is loosely defined as extending from around the turn of the second millennium (1000 AD) through to the middle of the second millennium (1500 AD).} References {{Time-stub 2nd millennium Modern history Modernism ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
